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10003 - paramedic science > spine > Flashcards

spine Flashcards

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1
Q

spinal levels

A
  • cervical - 7
  • thoracic - 12
  • lumbar - 5
  • sacrum- 5 fused
  • coccyx - 3-4 fused
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2
Q

features of the vertebrae

A
  • vertebrae body
  • transverse process
  • neural arch
  • spinous process
  • lamina
  • pedicle
  • vertebral foramen
  • articular process
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3
Q

types of joints between vertebrae

A
  • zygapophysial
  • intervertebral - synovial joint
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4
Q

what are the two parts of the intervertebral discs

A
  • anulus fibrosus - the outer ring of tough cartilage
  • nucleus pulposus - the soft centre
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5
Q

where do the spinal nerves emerge from the vertebral canal

A

intervertebral foramen

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6
Q

what are the core ligaments of the vertebral column

A
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • interspinous ligament
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
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7
Q

what matter surrounds the spinal cord

A
  • pia mater
  • subarachnoid space
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
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8
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column

A
  • protection
  • support
  • axis
  • movement
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9
Q

what cartilage is found in the vertebral body

A

hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

what position is the vertebral arch in relation to the vertebral body

A

lateral and posterior

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11
Q

what do the pedicles do

A

connect the vertebral body to the transverse process

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12
Q

what does the lamina do

A

connect the transverse and spinous processes

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13
Q

what are the distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae

A
  • bifid spinous process
  • transverse foramina
  • triangular vertebral foramen
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14
Q

what is the function of the transverse foramina

A

where the vertebral arteries travel through to the brain

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15
Q

what is the orientation of the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae

A

obliquely, inferiorly and posteriorly

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16
Q

what does the lumbar vertebrae look like

A
  • large vertebral bodies
  • no transverse foramina, costal facets or bifid spinous processes
  • they have triangular shaped vertebral foramen
17
Q

sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • the lateral wall of the sacrum has faucets for articulation with the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints
18
Q

coccyx

A
  • small bone that articulates with the apex of the sacrum
  • lack of vertebral arches
19
Q

articulation between the vertebral bodies

A
  • left and right superior articular facets articulate with the vertebra above
  • left and right inferior articular facets articulate with the vertebra below
  • vertebral bodies have indirect articulation with each other via intervertebral discs
20
Q

what are the ligaments that strengthen the vertebral bodies

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
- anterior = prevents hyperextension
- posterior = prevents hyperflexion

21
Q

what ligaments strengthen the articular facets

A
  • ligamentum flavum
  • interspinous and supraspinous
  • intertransverse ligaments
22
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A
  • at L2 vertebral level- forming the conus medullaris
  • spinal cord bundles together forming the cauda equina
23
Q

main areas of the spinal cord

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • cervical enlargement
  • lumbar enlargement
  • conus medullaris
  • filum terminale
24
Q

what are the spinal meninges

A
  • three membranes that surround the spinal cord
  • the dura matter, arachnoid mater, pia mater
25
Q

the dura mater

A
  • most external of the meninges
  • extends from foramen magnum to the filum terminale
  • the dura matter surrounds the nerve root and fuses with the outer connective tissue covering of the nerve
26
Q

the arachnoid mater

A
  • between the dura and the pia mater
  • separated from the latter by the subarachnoid space
27
Q

the pia mater

A
  • innermost of the meninges
  • thin membrane that covers the spinal cord, nerve roots and their blood vessels
  • inferiorly it fuses with the filum terminale
28
Q

how does a spinal nerve leave the spinal column

A
  • via the intervertebral foramina and then dividing in 2
  • posterior rami
  • anterior rami
29
Q

posterior rami

A
  • supplies nerve fibres to the synovial joints of the vertebral column , deep muscle of the back, and the overlying skin
30
Q

anterior rami

A
  • supplies nerve fibres to much of the remaining area of the body
  • both motor and sensory
31
Q

what is the arterial supply of the spinal cord

A
  • anterior spinal artery
  • posterior spinal arteries
  • additional: anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries
32
Q

what is the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A
  • three anterior and three posterior spinal veins
  • these drain into the internal and external vertebral plexuses
33
Q

what are the four main columns of the spinal cord grey matter

A
  • dorsal horn
  • ventral horn
  • intermediate column
  • lateral horn
34
Q

what does the white matter contain in the spinal cord

A

the ascending and descending pathways that connect the brain to the spinal cord

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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