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10003 - paramedic science > the brain > Flashcards

the brain Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the brain

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • mandible
  • zygomatic bone
  • maxilla
  • lacrimal bone
  • nasal bone
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2
Q

cranium bone type

A
  • flat bone - replace cartilage
  • mandible and temporal bone make a temporal joint
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3
Q

what is the pterion

A
  • where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones are close together
  • very weak point, can cause extradural hematoma
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4
Q

layers of the scalp

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • epicardial aponeurosis
  • loose connective tissue
  • pericranium
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5
Q

cranium meningeal layers

A
  • dura matter
  • arachnoid matter
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia matter
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6
Q

how is CSF cleared from the subarachnoid space

A
  • through arachnoid granulations, which are tufted prolongations of the arachnoid
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7
Q

blood vessels supplying the brain

A
  • internal carotid
  • anterior cerebral - medial and superior surfaces of frontal pole
  • anterior communicating
  • middle cerebral - lateral surface of temporal pole
  • vertebral basilar
  • posterior cerebral - inferior surface and occipital pole
  • posterior communicating
  • anterior inferior + posterior inferior cerebebllar
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8
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • cerebellum
  • temporal
  • medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus
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9
Q

what are the four parts of the frontal bone

A
  • squamous
  • 2 orbital
  • nasal
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10
Q

what are the features of the squamous part of the frontal bone

A
  • sagittal sulcus (internal)
  • frontal crest (internal)
  • groove for the anterior meningeal artery (internal)
  • frontal sinuses
  • suborbital foramen
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11
Q

structure of the orbital part of the frontal bone

A
  • it is a triangular shaped flat pate
  • extends posteriorly from the suborbital margin
  • anterolateral portion consists of the lacrimal fossa
  • anteromedial portion consist of the trochlear fossa
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12
Q

what is the function of the nasal part of the frontal bone

A

serves as an area of articulation for the nasal bones and frontal process of the maxilla

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13
Q

what are the muscular attachments to the frontal bone

A
  • no specific attachments
  • trochlear fossa contains the attachment of a cartilaginous pully for the superior oblique muscle
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14
Q

what does the frontal bone articular with

A
  • 12 other bones of the skull
  • unpaired: ethmoid, sphenoid
  • paired: nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, parietal, zygomatic
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15
Q

what are the three parts of the occipital bone

A
  • squamous
  • condylar
  • basilar
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16
Q

what types of bone is found in the occipital bone

A
  • cortical bone
  • cancellous bone
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17
Q

what is the internal structure of the squamous bone

A
  • groove for transverse sinus
  • groove for superior sagittal sinus
  • internal occipital crest
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18
Q

what is the external structure of the squamous bone

A
  • marked by 4 bony ridges
  • supreme nuchal line, superior nuchal line, median nuchal line, inferior nuchal line
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19
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A
  • a large opening in the occipital bone
  • allows passage of structures to and from the cranial cavity
  • where the medulla oblongata pass through
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20
Q

what bones does the occipital bone articulate with

A
  • two paired bones: parietal bones and temporal
  • two unpaired bones: sphenoid bones, atlas bone
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21
Q

what bones make up the cranial roof

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal
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22
Q

what bones make up the cranial base

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • temporal
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23
Q

what are the facial bones

A
  • zygomatic
  • lacrimal
  • nasal
  • inferior nasal conchae
  • palatine
  • maxilla
  • vomer
  • mandible
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24
Q

what are the sutures of the skull

A
  • coronal suture - frontal with 2 parietal
  • sagittal suture - both parietal bones
  • lambdoid suture - occipital with 2 parietal
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25
Q

what are the 5 parts of the temporal bone

A
  • squamous
  • tympanic
  • petromastoid
  • styloid process
  • tympanic
  • zygomatic process
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26
Q

what joint is present at the temporal bone

A

the temporomandibular joint

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27
Q

what muscular attachments are present at the temporal bone

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • posterior belly of digastic
  • splenius capitis
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28
Q

what are all the articulations with the temporal bone

A
  • temporomandibular joint
  • squamous part articulates with the sphenoid bone
  • zygomatic process with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch
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29
Q

what are the parts of the sphenoid bone

A
  • body
  • paired greater wings and lesser wings
  • two pterygoid processes
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30
Q

what are the muscular attachments in the sphenoid bone

A

lateral and medial pterygoid muscles form some of the muscle of mastication

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31
Q

what bones does the sphenoid bone articular with

A
  • it is an unpaired bone
  • articulates with 12 other bones - both paired and unparied
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32
Q

what sections make up the mandible

A
  • body (horizontal and anterior)
  • rami (vertical and posterior)
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33
Q

what is the purpose of the foramina in the mandible

A
  • opening in which two neurovascular structures can travel
  • located on the internal surfaces of the ramus
  • is where the inferior alveolar nerve and the inferior artery travel
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34
Q

what are the names of the foramen in the skull

A
  • cribriform plate
  • optic canal
  • superior orbital fissure
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • jugular foramen
  • hypoglossal canal
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35
Q

what nerves pass through the cribriform plate

A

the olfactory nerve

36
Q

what nerves pass through the optic canal

A

the optic nerve

37
Q

what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • trochlear motor nerve
  • ophthalmic nerve
  • abducens nerve
38
Q

what nerves pass through the foramen rotundum

A

maxillary nerve

39
Q

what nerves pass through the foramen ovale

A

mandibular nerve

40
Q

what nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus

A
  • facial nerve
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
41
Q

what nerves pass through the jugular foramen

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • vagus nerve
  • accessory nerve
42
Q

what nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal

A

hypoglossal nerve

43
Q

where is the cribriform plate located

A

connection with the anterior cranial fossa with the nasal cavity

44
Q

where is the optic canal located

A

by the sphenoid bones (behind the olfactory bulb)

45
Q

where is the superior orbital fissure located

A
  • opens anteriorly into the orbit
  • bordered superiorly by the lesser wing and inferiorly by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
46
Q

where is the foramen ovale located

A

at the base of the greater wing of the sphenoid

47
Q

where is the internal acoustic meatus loacted

A

within the petrous part of the temporal bone

48
Q

where is the jugular foramen located

A

formed anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the occipital bone

49
Q

where is the hypoglossal canal located

A

in the occipital bone

50
Q

what are some additional foramina located in the skull

A
  • foramen magnum
  • foramen spinosum
  • foramen lacerum
51
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglion

A
  • provide a feedback mechanism to the cerebral cortex
  • relates to motor refinement, preventing excessive and exaggerated movements
52
Q

what is the arterial supply of the basal ganglion

A

the middle cerebral artery

53
Q

what is the venous drainage of the basal ganglion

A
  • striate branches of the internal cerebral vein
  • this drains into the great cerebral vein
54
Q

what is the internal structure of the
cerebellum

A
  • grey matter
  • white matter
55
Q

what is grey matter in the cerebellum

A
  • forms the surface
  • associated with processing and cognition
56
Q

what is the white matter in the cerebellum

A
  • forms the deeper part of the brain
  • consists of glial cells and myelinated axons
57
Q

what are the features of the external structure of the cerebellum

A
  • sulci (grooves)
  • gyri (ridges)
  • longitudinal fissures that separate the hemispheres
  • falx cerebri (a fold of dura matter)
  • corpus callosum (white matter that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres)
58
Q

what are the main sulci

A
  • central sulcus - frontal and parietal lobes
  • lateral sulcus - frontal and parietal from the temporal
  • lunate sulcus - in the occipital cortex
59
Q

what are the main gyri

A
  • precentral gyrus - anterior to central sulcus
  • postcentral gyrus - posterior to central sulcus
  • superior temporal gyrus - inferior to lateral sulcus
60
Q

what is the arterial supply of the cerebrum

A
  • anterior cerebral arteries
  • middle cerebral arteries
  • posterior cerebral arteries
61
Q

what is the venous drainage of the cerebrum

A
  • cerebral veins
  • drain into the dural venous sinuses
62
Q

what is the grey matter in the cerebellum

A
  • tightly folded to form the cerebellar cortex
63
Q

what is the white matter in the cerebellum

A
  • underneath the cerebellar cortex
  • embedded within are four cerebellar nuclei
64
Q

what are the anatomical lobes of the cerebellum

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • flocculonodular lobe
65
Q

what are the fissure in the cerebellum called

A
  • primary fissure (anterior and posterior)
  • posterolateral fissure (posterior and flocculonodular)
66
Q

what is the arterial supply of the cerebellum

A
  • branches off the basilar artery and the vertebral artery
  • superior cerebellar artery
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery
67
Q

what is the venous drainage of the cerebellum

A

superior and inferior cerebellar veins

68
Q

what is the meninges

A

membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord

69
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
70
Q

what is the function of the meninges

A
  • supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature
  • along with cerebrospinal fluid it protects the CNS from mechanical damage
71
Q

the dura mater

A
  • the outermost layer
  • thick, tough and inextensible
  • has a periosteal layer and a meningeal layer
72
Q

what are the four dura reflections

A
  • flax cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • flax cerebelli
  • diaphagma sellae
73
Q

the arachnoid mater

A
  • middle layer
  • consists of layers of connective tissue
  • is avascular, no innervation
74
Q

what is in the subarachnoid space

A

cerebrospinal fluid

75
Q

how does csf re-enter into circulation

A

through arachnoid (small projections) into the dura

76
Q

the pia mater

A
  • beneath the subarachnoid space
  • very thin, tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
  • follows to contours of the brain
  • highly vascularised
77
Q

what is the pineal gland

A
  • small endocrine gland
  • secretes melatonin
78
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A
  • midline, between the two cerebral hemispheres
79
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pineal gland

A

the posterior choroidal arteries

80
Q

what is the venous drainage of the pineal gland

A

internal cerebral veins

81
Q

where is the pituiatry gland located

A
  • on the underside of the brain
  • within a small depression in the sphenoid bone
  • covered by a reflection of the dura mater
82
Q

what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland called

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
83
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland

A
  • branches off the internal carotid artery eg the superior hypophyseal artery
84
Q

what is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior hypophyseal veins

85
Q

what are the main venous drainage of the brain

A
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • inferior sagittal sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • straight sinus
  • cavernous sinus

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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