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10003 - paramedic science > the brain > Flashcards

the brain Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the brain

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • mandible
  • zygomatic bone
  • maxilla
  • lacrimal bone
  • nasal bone
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2
Q

cranium bone type

A
  • flat bone - replace cartilage
  • mandible and temporal bone make a temporal joint
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3
Q

what is the pterion

A
  • where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones are close together
  • very weak point, can cause extradural hematoma
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4
Q

layers of the scalp

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue
  • epicardial aponeurosis
  • loose connective tissue
  • pericranium
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5
Q

cranium meningeal layers

A
  • dura matter
  • arachnoid matter
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia matter
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6
Q

how is CSF cleared from the subarachnoid space

A
  • through arachnoid granulations, which are tufted prolongations of the arachnoid
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7
Q

blood vessels supplying the brain

A
  • internal carotid
  • anterior cerebral - medial and superior surfaces of frontal pole
  • anterior communicating
  • middle cerebral - lateral surface of temporal pole
  • vertebral basilar
  • posterior cerebral - inferior surface and occipital pole
  • posterior communicating
  • anterior inferior + posterior inferior cerebebllar
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8
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • cerebellum
  • temporal
  • medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus
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9
Q

what are the four parts of the frontal bone

A
  • squamous
  • 2 orbital
  • nasal
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10
Q

what are the features of the squamous part of the frontal bone

A
  • sagittal sulcus (internal)
  • frontal crest (internal)
  • groove for the anterior meningeal artery (internal)
  • frontal sinuses
  • suborbital foramen
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11
Q

structure of the orbital part of the frontal bone

A
  • it is a triangular shaped flat pate
  • extends posteriorly from the suborbital margin
  • anterolateral portion consists of the lacrimal fossa
  • anteromedial portion consist of the trochlear fossa
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12
Q

what is the function of the nasal part of the frontal bone

A

serves as an area of articulation for the nasal bones and frontal process of the maxilla

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13
Q

what are the muscular attachments to the frontal bone

A
  • no specific attachments
  • trochlear fossa contains the attachment of a cartilaginous pully for the superior oblique muscle
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14
Q

what does the frontal bone articular with

A
  • 12 other bones of the skull
  • unpaired: ethmoid, sphenoid
  • paired: nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, parietal, zygomatic
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15
Q

what are the three parts of the occipital bone

A
  • squamous
  • condylar
  • basilar
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16
Q

what types of bone is found in the occipital bone

A
  • cortical bone
  • cancellous bone
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17
Q

what is the internal structure of the squamous bone

A
  • groove for transverse sinus
  • groove for superior sagittal sinus
  • internal occipital crest
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18
Q

what is the external structure of the squamous bone

A
  • marked by 4 bony ridges
  • supreme nuchal line, superior nuchal line, median nuchal line, inferior nuchal line
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19
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A
  • a large opening in the occipital bone
  • allows passage of structures to and from the cranial cavity
  • where the medulla oblongata pass through
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20
Q

what bones does the occipital bone articulate with

A
  • two paired bones: parietal bones and temporal
  • two unpaired bones: sphenoid bones, atlas bone
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21
Q

what bones make up the cranial roof

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal
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22
Q

what bones make up the cranial base

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • temporal
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23
Q

what are the facial bones

A
  • zygomatic
  • lacrimal
  • nasal
  • inferior nasal conchae
  • palatine
  • maxilla
  • vomer
  • mandible
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24
Q

what are the sutures of the skull

A
  • coronal suture - frontal with 2 parietal
  • sagittal suture - both parietal bones
  • lambdoid suture - occipital with 2 parietal
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25
what are the 5 parts of the temporal bone
- squamous - tympanic - petromastoid - styloid process - tympanic - zygomatic process
26
what joint is present at the temporal bone
the temporomandibular joint
27
what muscular attachments are present at the temporal bone
- temporalis - masseter - sternocleidomastoid - posterior belly of digastic - splenius capitis
28
what are all the articulations with the temporal bone
- temporomandibular joint - squamous part articulates with the sphenoid bone - zygomatic process with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch
29
what are the parts of the sphenoid bone
- body - paired greater wings and lesser wings - two pterygoid processes
30
what are the muscular attachments in the sphenoid bone
lateral and medial pterygoid muscles form some of the muscle of mastication
31
what bones does the sphenoid bone articular with
- it is an unpaired bone - articulates with 12 other bones - both paired and unparied
32
what sections make up the mandible
- body (horizontal and anterior) - rami (vertical and posterior)
33
what is the purpose of the foramina in the mandible
- opening in which two neurovascular structures can travel - located on the internal surfaces of the ramus - is where the inferior alveolar nerve and the inferior artery travel
34
what are the names of the foramen in the skull
- cribriform plate - optic canal - superior orbital fissure - foramen rotundum - foramen ovale - internal acoustic meatus - jugular foramen - hypoglossal canal
35
what nerves pass through the cribriform plate
the olfactory nerve
36
what nerves pass through the optic canal
the optic nerve
37
what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure
- oculomotor nerve - trochlear motor nerve - ophthalmic nerve - abducens nerve
38
what nerves pass through the foramen rotundum
maxillary nerve
39
what nerves pass through the foramen ovale
mandibular nerve
40
what nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus
- facial nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve
41
what nerves pass through the jugular foramen
- glossopharyngeal nerve - vagus nerve - accessory nerve
42
what nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve
43
where is the cribriform plate located
connection with the anterior cranial fossa with the nasal cavity
44
where is the optic canal located
by the sphenoid bones (behind the olfactory bulb)
45
where is the superior orbital fissure located
- opens anteriorly into the orbit - bordered superiorly by the lesser wing and inferiorly by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
46
where is the foramen ovale located
at the base of the greater wing of the sphenoid
47
where is the internal acoustic meatus loacted
within the petrous part of the temporal bone
48
where is the jugular foramen located
formed anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the occipital bone
49
where is the hypoglossal canal located
in the occipital bone
50
what are some additional foramina located in the skull
- foramen magnum - foramen spinosum - foramen lacerum
51
what is the function of the basal ganglion
- provide a feedback mechanism to the cerebral cortex - relates to motor refinement, preventing excessive and exaggerated movements
52
what is the arterial supply of the basal ganglion
the middle cerebral artery
53
what is the venous drainage of the basal ganglion
- striate branches of the internal cerebral vein - this drains into the great cerebral vein
54
what is the internal structure of the cerebellum
- grey matter - white matter
55
what is grey matter in the cerebellum
- forms the surface - associated with processing and cognition
56
what is the white matter in the cerebellum
- forms the deeper part of the brain - consists of glial cells and myelinated axons
57
what are the features of the external structure of the cerebellum
- sulci (grooves) - gyri (ridges) - longitudinal fissures that separate the hemispheres - falx cerebri (a fold of dura matter) - corpus callosum (white matter that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres)
58
what are the main sulci
- central sulcus - frontal and parietal lobes - lateral sulcus - frontal and parietal from the temporal - lunate sulcus - in the occipital cortex
59
what are the main gyri
- precentral gyrus - anterior to central sulcus - postcentral gyrus - posterior to central sulcus - superior temporal gyrus - inferior to lateral sulcus
60
what is the arterial supply of the cerebrum
- anterior cerebral arteries - middle cerebral arteries - posterior cerebral arteries
61
what is the venous drainage of the cerebrum
- cerebral veins - drain into the dural venous sinuses
62
what is the grey matter in the cerebellum
- tightly folded to form the cerebellar cortex
63
what is the white matter in the cerebellum
- underneath the cerebellar cortex - embedded within are four cerebellar nuclei
64
what are the anatomical lobes of the cerebellum
- anterior lobe - posterior lobe - flocculonodular lobe
65
what are the fissure in the cerebellum called
- primary fissure (anterior and posterior) - posterolateral fissure (posterior and flocculonodular)
66
what is the arterial supply of the cerebellum
- branches off the basilar artery and the vertebral artery - superior cerebellar artery - anterior inferior cerebellar artery - posterior inferior cerebellar artery
67
what is the venous drainage of the cerebellum
superior and inferior cerebellar veins
68
what is the meninges
membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord
69
what are the three layers of the meninges
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
70
what is the function of the meninges
- supportive framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature - along with cerebrospinal fluid it protects the CNS from mechanical damage
71
the dura mater
- the outermost layer - thick, tough and inextensible - has a periosteal layer and a meningeal layer
72
what are the four dura reflections
- flax cerebri - tentorium cerebelli - flax cerebelli - diaphagma sellae
73
the arachnoid mater
- middle layer - consists of layers of connective tissue - is avascular, no innervation
74
what is in the subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
75
how does csf re-enter into circulation
through arachnoid (small projections) into the dura
76
the pia mater
- beneath the subarachnoid space - very thin, tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord - follows to contours of the brain - highly vascularised
77
what is the pineal gland
- small endocrine gland - secretes melatonin
78
where is the pineal gland located
- midline, between the two cerebral hemispheres
79
what is the arterial supply of the pineal gland
the posterior choroidal arteries
80
what is the venous drainage of the pineal gland
internal cerebral veins
81
where is the pituiatry gland located
- on the underside of the brain - within a small depression in the sphenoid bone - covered by a reflection of the dura mater
82
what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland called
- anterior pituitary - posterior pituitary
83
what is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland
- branches off the internal carotid artery eg the superior hypophyseal artery
84
what is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland
anterior and posterior hypophyseal veins
85
what are the main venous drainage of the brain
- superior sagittal sinus - inferior sagittal sinus - sigmoid sinus - straight sinus - cavernous sinus

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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