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10003 - paramedic science > anatomy of the GI system > Flashcards

anatomy of the GI system Flashcards

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1
Q

parietal peritoneum

A
  • lines abdominal cavity
  • retroperitoneal organs (behind) eg kidneys, pancreases
  • on posterior abdominal wall
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2
Q

visceral peritoneum

A
  • covers organs into the abdominal or pelvic cavities
  • intraperitoneal organs - covered by visceral peritoneum eg stomach jejunum
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3
Q

what is the peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane
  • aids movement making it friction free
  • peritoneum fluid
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4
Q

what is the peritoneum that covers the intestine called

A

mesentary

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5
Q

what is the peritoneum that covers the stomach called

A

omentum
- hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach, fatty material, can migrate to site of infection and wrap around it

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6
Q

what are the compartments of the stomach

A
  • lesser sac behind the stomach
  • greater sac
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7
Q

parts of the foregut

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Proximal half duodenum
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
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8
Q

the oesophagus

A
  • Begins at inferior end of pharynx
  • Goes through the diaphragm at T10
  • 3 constrictions: origin, crossed arch of aorta and left bronchus, through diaphragm
  • Constricted by contractions of the diaphragm
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
    Inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle
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9
Q

the stomach

A
  • chemically and physically break down food
  • Inner oblique layer
  • Fundus, body, lesser curvature and the greater curvature (where greater omentum), pyloric antrum, pyloric canal
  • Rugay - funnal food down
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10
Q

the small intestine - duodenum

A
  • Retroperitoneal organ - needs to be protected
  • 4 parts:
  • Superior L1: Intraperitoneal (very beginning)
  • Descending L2/3: Receives bile duct and pancreatic duct, Opens onto the major duodenal papilla, MDP marks foregut midgut boundary
  • Transverse L3
  • Ascending L2: Intraperitoneal (very end)
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11
Q

what are the organs in the midgut

A
  • Distal half duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Caecum
  • Ascending colon
  • Proximal 2/3rds transverse colon
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12
Q

jejunum and ileum

A
  • Attached to posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
  • Peritonise - intraperitoneal structures
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13
Q

description of the jejunum

A
  • colour: deep red
  • wall: thick wall (many folds, absorb more), large, tall and closely packed plicae circulares
  • vascularity: greater
  • vasa recta: long
  • arterial arcades: few large loops
  • peyer patches: few
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14
Q

description of the ileum

A
  • colour: pale pink
  • wall: thin and light, low and spare plicae circulares, absent in distal part
  • vascularity: less
  • vasa recta: short
  • arterial arcades: numerous short loops
  • peyers patches: many
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15
Q

large intestine

A
  • Caecum: Appendix attached
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal: Haustra - formed by taenia coli - creates pouched, Omental appendage
  • Taenia coli
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16
Q

what are the organs in the hind gut

A
  • Distal 1/3rd transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
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17
Q

the rectum and anal canal

A
  • Continuous with sigmoid colon at S3
  • Continuous with anal canal at tip of coccyx
  • 3 transverse rectal folds
  • Internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle, involuntary
  • External anal sphincter - made of skeletal matter, allows for voluntary movement
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18
Q

liver

A
  • 4 lobes - left, right,(anterior view) caudate and quadrate
  • Porta hepatis - hilum of liver, entrance and exit for the main structures associated with the liver
  • Portal tirade - hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, bile duct: Runs between peritoneum hepatoduodenal ligament
  • Coronary ligaments superiorly
  • Between liver and diaphragm
  • Surrounded by bare area
  • Triangular ligaments laterally
  • Falciform ligament anteriorly’
  • Contains ligament teres (umbilical vein remnant)
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19
Q

gallbladder

A
  • Store and concentrates bile produced by the liver
  • Right and left hepatic duct, form to get common hepatic duct, to cystic duct and the bile duct - binds with main pancreatic duct
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20
Q

pancreas

A
  • parts: head, neck, body, tail, uncinate process
  • Main pancreatic duct opens into the 2nd part of the duodenum with the bile duct as the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • Retroperitoneal
  • At the transpyloric plane
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21
Q

what are the branches of the aorta

A
  • coeliac trunk (T12)
  • superior mesenteric artery (L1)
  • inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
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22
Q

what does the coeliac artery supply

A
  • Lower oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Proximal half of duodenum
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
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23
Q

what are the 3 arteries off the coeliac trunk

A
  • left gastric
  • splenic
  • common hepatic
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24
Q

left gastric artery

A
  • Runs of lesser curvature of the stomach
  • Off to oesophageal branches
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25
Q

splenic artery

A
  • Runs to supply spleen
  • Short gastric - fundus
  • Spleen
  • Left gastro omental artery - along greater curvature of stomach
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26
Q

common hepatic artery

A
  • Right gastric
  • Proper hepatic artery
  • Gastroduodenal: Super duodenal, Right gastro omental
  • Superior pancreaticoduodenal
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27
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply

A
  • Distal half of duodenum
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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28
Q

what are the breanckes of the superior messenterid artery

A
  • Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • Jejunal and ileal branches
  • Runs between 2 layers of the mesentery
    ○ Ileal branches
    ○ appendicular
    ○ Ileocolic artery: Inferior branches to ileocolic junction, Superior branch to ascending colon
  • Right colic artery: To ascending colon
  • Middle colic artery: To transverse colon
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29
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

A

Large intestine distal to splenic flexure up to anal canal

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30
Q

what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A
  • Left colic artery: Ascending branch in transverse mesocolon, Descending branch to lower descending colon
  • Superior sigmoid artery and sigmoid arteries: In sigmoid mesocolon, Lowest part of descending colon, Sigmoid colon
  • Superior rectal artery: In right and left branches either side of rectum, Supply rectum to inferior anal sphincter
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31
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein

A
  • Formed by union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
  • Posterior to the neck of the pancreas
  • Receives most of the blood from the GI tract
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32
Q

what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Coeliac ganglion: foregut
  • Superior mesenteric ganglion: midgut
  • Inferior mesenteric ganglion: Hindgut
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33
Q

what is the parasympathetic pathway

A
  • rest and digest
  • craniosacral outflow
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34
Q

what is the sympathetic pathway

A
  • fight or flight
  • throacolumar
35
Q

where does the oesophagus originate from

A

the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6)
- travels down to the cardiac orifice of the stomach - T11

36
Q

what are the layers of the oesophagus

A
  • adventitia
  • muscle layer
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
37
Q

arterial supply of the thoracic oesophagus

A
  • thoracic aorta
  • inferior thyroid artery
38
Q

venous drainage of the thoracic oesophagus

A
  • branches of the azygous veins
  • inferior thyroid vein
39
Q

arterial supply of the abdominal oesophagus

A
  • left gastric artery
  • left inferior phrenic artery
40
Q

venous drainage of the abdominal oesophagus

A
  • portal circulation via left gastric vein
  • systemic circulation via azygous vein
41
Q

innervation of the oesophagus

A
  • the oesophageal plexus
  • this is formed by the parasympathetic vagal trunk and sympathetic fibres from cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunks
42
Q

parts of the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A
  • superior third - deep cervical lymph nodes
  • middle third - superior and posterior mediastinal node
  • lower third - left gastric and celiac nodes
43
Q

greater curvature of the stomach

A
  • long convex lateral border of the stomach
  • arising at cardiac notch, arching backwards and inferiorly to the left
  • curves to the right as it continues medially to reach the pyloric antrum
44
Q

blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach

A
  • right and left gastro-omental arteries
45
Q

lesser curvature of the stomach

A
  • shorter, concave, medial surface of stomach
  • angular notch indicates the junction of the body and pyloric region
  • gives attachment to hepatogastric ligament
46
Q

blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach

A
  • left gastric artery
  • right gastric branch of the hepatic artery
47
Q

what are the sphincters of the stomach

A
  • inferior oesophageal sphincter
  • pyloric sphincter
48
Q

what is the function of the inferior oesophageal sphincter

A
  • transition point of the oesophagus and the stomach
  • allows food to pass through the cardiac orifice into the stomach
  • not voluntary controlled
49
Q

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A
  • controls the exit of chyme from the stomach (food and gastric acid mixture)
  • contains smooth muscle
50
Q

greater omentum

A
  • hangs from greater curvature of the stomach
  • folds back on itself attaching to the to the transverse colon
  • contains lymph nodes
51
Q

lesser omentum

A
  • continuous with peritoneal layers of the stomach and duodenum
  • arises from lesser curvature of stomach
  • ascends to attach to the liver
  • function: attach stomach and duodenum to liver
52
Q

arterial supply of stomach

A
  • from celiac trunk
  • left gastric, right gastric
  • right gastro-omental, left gastro-omental
53
Q

venues supply of the stomach

A
  • right and left gastric vein drain into the hepatic portal vein
54
Q

innervation of the stomach

A

autonomic nervous system
- parasympathetic - anterior and posterior vagal trunks from vagus nerve
- sympathetic nerve T6-T9 spinal cord, carries pain transmitting fibres

55
Q

where do stomach lymph fluids drain

A
  • into gastric and gastro-omental lymph nodes
56
Q

how are the ileum and jejunum attached to the posterior wall

A

by the mesentery

57
Q

where does the ileum end

A

at the ileocaecal junction

58
Q

what is the function of the ileocecal valve

A

to stop a reflex of material back into the ileum

59
Q

arterial supply of the duodenum

A
  • gastroduodenal artery = proximal to the major duodenal papilla
  • inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery = distal to major duodenal papilla
60
Q

what are the lymphatics of the duodenum

A
  • pancreatoduodenal and superior mesenteric nodes
61
Q

arterial supply of the jejunum and ileum

A

superior mesenteric artery

62
Q

venous drainage of the jejunum and ileum

A

superior mesenteric vein

63
Q

lymphatics of the jejunum and ileum

A

superior mesenteric nodes

64
Q

vascular supply of the caecum

A

superior mesenteric vessels
- artery = ileocolic artery
- vein = ileocolic vein

65
Q

innervation of the caecum

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system
  • from the ileocolic branch of the superior mesenteric plexus
66
Q

lymphatic drainage of the caecum

A

ileocolic lymph nodes

67
Q

what are the possible positions of the appendix

A
  • pre-ileal
  • post-ileal
  • sub-ileal
  • pelvic
  • subcecal
  • paracecal
  • retrocecal
68
Q

vascular supply of the appendix

A

branches of the superior mesenteric vessels

69
Q

arterial supply of the appendix

A

appendicular artery

70
Q

innervation of the appendix

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of autonomic nervous system
- ileocolic branch of the superiro mesenteric plexus

71
Q

lymphatic drainage of the appendix

A

ileocolic lymph nodes

72
Q

what is the paracolic gutters

A

two spaces between the ascending/ descending colon and the posterolateral abdominal wall

73
Q

what is the importance of the paracolic gutters

A

allow material that has been released from inflamed or infected abdominal organs to accumulate elsewhere in the abdoment

74
Q

venous drainage of the ascending colon

A

ileocolic and right colic veins

75
Q

venous drainage of the transverse colon

A

middle colic vein

76
Q

venous drainage of the descending colon

A

left colic vein

77
Q

venous drainage of the sigmoid colon

A

sigmoid vein

78
Q

innervation of the midgut

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory supply from superior mesenteric plexus

79
Q

innervation of the hindgut

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory from inferior mesenteric plexus
- parasympathetic = pelvic splanchnic
- sympathetic = lumbar splanchnic

80
Q

lymphatic drainage of the large intestine

A
  • ascending and transverse = superior mesenteric nodes
  • descending and sigmoid = inferior mesenteric nodes
81
Q

arterial supply of the rectum

A
  • superior rectal artery
  • middle rectal artery
  • inferior rectal artery
82
Q

venous drainage of the rectum

A
  • superior rectal vein
  • middle rectal vein
  • inferior rectal vein
  • into portal venous system
83
Q

innervation of the rectum

A

sensory and autonomic

84
Q

lymphatic drainage of the rectum

A
  • pararectal lymph nodes
  • internal iliac lymph nodes (lower aspect)

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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