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Higher Human Biology > The Structure & Function of the Heart > Flashcards

The Structure & Function of the Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we call the volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute?

A

cardiac output

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2
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

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3
Q

What do we call the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat?

A

stroke volume

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4
Q

Which ventricle pumps the greater volume of blood?

A

They pump the same volume

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5
Q

Name the top two chambers of the heart.

A

atria

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6
Q

Name the bottom two chambers of the heart.

A

Ventricles

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7
Q

Name the valves between the ventricles and arteries.

A

semi lunar valves

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8
Q

What is the general name for the valves between the atria and ventricles?

A

atrio-ventricular

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9
Q

Name the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

A

Bi-cuspid

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10
Q

Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A

atrioventricular

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11
Q

Where does blood travel to after the right atrium?

A

right ventricle

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12
Q

Where does the blood travel to after the right ventricle?

A

the lungs

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13
Q

Which blood vessel takes blood to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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14
Q

Which blood vessel bring blood back to the heart from the lungs?

A

pulmonary vein

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15
Q

Which chamber in the heart does blood from the heart come back to?

A

left atrium

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16
Q

Where does blood travel to after the left atrium?

A

left ventricle

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17
Q

Where does blood travel to from the left ventricle?

A

the rest of the body

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18
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

aorta

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19
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood back to the heart from the rest of the body?

A

vena cava

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20
Q

Which chamber in the heart receives blood from the rest of the body?

A

right atrium

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21
Q

In the heart, what happens to blood during diastole?

A

blood returning to the atria flows into the ventricles

22
Q

In the heart, what happens to blood during atrial systole?

A

Remaining blood flows from atria into the ventricles

23
Q

What effect does ventricular systole have on the atrio-ventricular valves?

A

causes them to close

24
Q

In the heart, what happens to the blood during ventricular systole?

A

pumps blood from the ventricles to the arteries

25
Q

What happens to the SL valves during ventricular systole?

A

opens to SL valves

26
Q

What causes the SL valves to close?

A

higher pressure in the arteries during diastole

27
Q

What is the cardiac output for the following person:
heart rate = 72 bpm
stroke volume = 70ml?

A

5040 ml/min OR

5.04 l/min

28
Q

What term is used to describe the contraction of heart muscle?

A

systole

29
Q

What term is used to describe the relaxation of heart muscle?

A

diastole

30
Q

What causes the ‘lub dupp’ heart sounds heard through a stethoscope?

A

the opening and closing of the AV and SL valves

31
Q

From where does the heart beat originate?

A

pacemaker

32
Q

What is another name for the pacemaker?

A

SA node (sino-atrial node)

33
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

The wall of the right atrium (silly)

34
Q

As impulses spread from the SA node across the atria, what does it cause?

A

atrial systole

35
Q

After impulses have gone from the SA node through the atria, where do they go to next?

A

The atrio-ventricular node (AV node)

36
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

The centre of the heart

37
Q

When impulses travel to the apex of the heart and up through the ventricles, what does it cause?

A

ventricular systole

38
Q

What can be used to detect the impulses the heart generates?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG if you are a cheat!)

39
Q

How do you calculate the heart rate of a person from an electrocardiogram? (3 steps)

A
  1. Find 2 obvious points that are easy to measure
  2. measure the time between these two points
  3. divide 60 by that time
40
Q

Which part of the brain regulates the rate of the SA node?

A

The medulla

41
Q

Name the 2 nerves associated with the autonomic nervous system.

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

42
Q

What term is used to describe the opposite effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on the SA node?

A

antagonistic

43
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nerve have on heart rate?

A

increases it

44
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nerve have on heart rate?

A

decreases it

45
Q

Which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nerve release?

A

noradrenaline

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nerve release?

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

48
Q

During which stages of the cardiac cycle is blood pressure:

a) highest
b) lowest

A

a) ventricular systole

b) diastole

49
Q

What is the average blood pressure for a young adult, like Mr Hill?

A

120/80

50
Q

What is the scientific term for high blood pressure?

A

hypertension

51
Q

How does a sphygmomanometer work? (3 steps)

A
  1. stops blood flow in artery
  2. blood starts to flow (detected by pulse = systole)
  3. blood flows freely (no pulse detected = diastole)

Higher Human Biology (21 decks)

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