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Higher Human Biology > Cellular Respiration & Energy Systems > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration & Energy Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What controls the metabolic pathways of respiration?

A

Enzymes

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2
Q

What is the substrate and products of glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

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3
Q

How many molecules of ATP are required during the energy investment phase?

A

2

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4
Q

What name is given to the addition of a phosphate to the glucose?

A

Phosphorylation

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5
Q

What name is given to the phase of glycolysis where more ATP is generated?

A

energy pay-off phase

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6
Q

How many molecules of ATP are generated during the energy pay-off phase?

A

4

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7
Q

What is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

A

2

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8
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

What 2 things does the coenzyme NAD collect?

A
  1. hydrogen ions

2. high energy electrons

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10
Q

Name the enzyme that breaks off the hydrogen ions.

A

dehydrogenase enzymes

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11
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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12
Q

How many carbons are in a pyruvate molecule?

A

3

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13
Q

What is pyruvate broken down into?

A

acetyl group

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14
Q

What is added to the acetyl group?

A

coenzyme A

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15
Q

What is the name of the 4C molecule that joins with acetyl coA?

A

oxaloacetate

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16
Q

What is formed when oxaloacetate joins with acetyl coA?

A

citrate

17
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

inner membrane of the mitochondria

18
Q

What are passed along the electron transport chain?

A

High energy electrons

19
Q

As electrons flow along the electron transport chain energy is released. What is it used for?

A

To pump hydrogen ions across the membrane

20
Q

Through which protein do hydrogen ions return to the matrix?

A

ATP synthase

21
Q

What is synthesised by ATP synthase?

A

errr ATP

22
Q

Name 2 things the returning hydrogen ions combine with as they move back into the matrix.

A
  1. low energy electrons

2. oxygen

23
Q

What is the final hydrogen acceptor?

A

Oxygen

24
Q

What is formed from the oxygen, low energy electrons and hydrogen ions?

A

Water

25
Q

Every time a carbon molecule is lost during respiration, what is released?

A

carbon dioxide

26
Q

During anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted into in animal cells?

A

lactate

27
Q

What role does NAD play in making lactate during anaerobic conditions?

A

It transfers hydrogen produced during glycolysis, adds it to the pyruvate to produce lactate.

28
Q

What happens to muscles as lactate begins to accumulate?

A

Fatigue

29
Q

Why is this described as a reversible reaction?

A
  1. Oxygen debt repaid when exercise complete

2. Respiration provides energy to convert the lactate back to pyruvate and glucose in the liver

30
Q

Name the 2 types of skeletal muscle fibre.

A
  1. slow twitch

2. fast twitch

31
Q

Describe the structure of slow twitch muscle fibres.

A
  1. Rely on aerobic respiration for ATP
  2. Many mitochondria
  3. Large blood supply
  4. High concentration of oxygen-storing protein myoglobin
  5. Major storage fuel is fats
32
Q

Describe the structure of fast twitch fibres.

A
  1. Generate ATP through glycolysis
  2. Fewer mitochondria
  3. Lower blood supply
  4. Major storage fuel is glycogen
33
Q

Activities linked to slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Endurance - such as long distance running, cycling or cross country skiing

34
Q

Activities linked to fast twitch muscle fibres?

A

Sprinting or weightlifting

35
Q

Describe the contractions of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Slow and can be sustained for longer

36
Q

Describe the contractions of fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Contract quickly over shorter periods

37
Q

What 3 things are produced from the breakdown of ATP?

A

ADP, Pi and Energy

38
Q

State 3 things needed to phosphorylate ADP.

A

ADP (hello), Pi and Energy

Higher Human Biology (21 decks)

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