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Higher Human Biology > Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What do we call the disease where fatty material is deposited on the inner walls of blood vessels?

A

atherosclerosis

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2
Q

What do we call the plaque of cholesterol, fibrous material and calcium beneath the endothelium?

A

atheroma

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3
Q

Name 4 cardiovascular diseases atherosclerosis can lead to.

A
  1. heart attack
  2. angina
  3. stroke
  4. peripheral vascular disease
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4
Q

State 3 effects of a build up of an atheroma.

A
  1. Reduces the diameter of the lumen
  2. increases blood pressure
  3. Causes the blood vessel to lose its elasticity
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5
Q

What are released when an atheroma causes damage to the endothelium?

A

clotting factors

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6
Q

Clotting factors convert the inactive enzyme into its active form. Name the inactive and active enzyme.

A 
inactive = prothrombin 
active = thrombin
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7
Q

What are the substrate and product of the active enzyme thrombin?

A 
substrate = fibrinogen
product = fibrin
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8
Q

What role does the fibrin play in forming a clot?

A

fibrin threads form a mesh clotting the blood and sealing the wound

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9
Q

What name is given to a blood clot?

A

thrombus

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10
Q

What is the name of the process of forming a clot inside a blood vessel?

A

thrombosis

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11
Q

What do we call a thrombus if it breaks free and travels through the blood stream?

A

embolus

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12
Q

If an embolus blocks a coronary artery, what could it cause?

A

myocardial infarction (or heart attack)

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13
Q

If an embolus blocks an artery supplying the brain, what could it cause?

A

A stroke

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14
Q

What does PVD stand for?

A

peripheral vascular disease

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15
Q

What is PVD?

A

narrowing of the arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain

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16
Q

Where does PVD most commonly occur?

A

The legs

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17
Q

Why does PVD cause pain in the associated area?

A

limited supply of oxygen

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18
Q

What does DVT stand for?

A

deep vein thrombosis

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19
Q

What is DVT?

A

a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, most commonly the leg

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20
Q

What do we call a blood clot that breaks free and ends up in the lungs?

A

pulmonary embolism

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21
Q

State 2 uses of cholesterol in the body.

A
  1. type of lipid found in the cell membrane

2. used to make sex hormones - testosterone,, oestrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

Where is cholesterol made?

A

All cells

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23
Q

Where is 25% of cholesterol made in the body?

A

The liver

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24
Q

What sort of diet can result in high levels of cholesterol levels in the blood?

A

high in saturated fats

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25
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High density lipoprotein

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26
Q

What does LDL stand for?

A

Low density lipoprotein

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27
Q

Which lipoprotein transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination?

28
Q

What is the role of LDLs?

A

Transport cholesterol to body cells

29
Q

Explain how high levels of cholesterol & negative feedback can lead to the formation of atheromas. (3 steps)

A
  1. LDL receptors take LDL into the cells where cholesterol is released
  2. Negative feedback inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors
  3. LDL circulates in the blood and may deposit cholesterol in the arteries
30
Q

What ratio of HDL to LDL will reduce the chances of atherosclerosis?

A

Higher ratio of HDL to LDL

31
Q

How can you raise levels of HDL?

32
Q

What 2 dietary changes can reduce cholesterol?

A
  1. Reduce levels of fat in your diet

2. replace saturated with unsaturated fats

33
Q

Name the drugs that help to reduce blood cholesterol?

34
Q

How do statins reduce blood cholesterol?

A

inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

35
Q

What 2 things can chronic elevated blood glucose levels lead to?

A
  1. atherosclerosis

2. blood vessel damage

36
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels can cause damage to small blood vessels. State 3 common issues.

A
  1. haemorrhaging of blood vessels in the retina
  2. renal failure
  3. peripheral nerve dysfunction - numbness or pain in hands and feet
37
Q

Where are high blood glucose levels detected?

A

receptors in the pancreas

38
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

39
Q

Where is insulin released from and where does it travel to?

A

pancreas to the liver

40
Q

What does insulin activate the conversion of?

A

glucose into glycogen

41
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels are low?

42
Q

What does glucagon activate the conversion of?

A

glycogen into glucose

43
Q

Where is glucagon released from and what is its target tissue?

A

pancreas to the liver

44
Q

Which hormone is released during fight or flight situations?

A

adrenaline

45
Q

What is adrenaline released from during fight or flight situations?

A

adrenal glands

46
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on the secretion of glucagon and insulin?

A 
glucagon = stimulates
insulin = inhibit
47
Q

Which type of diabetes usually occurs in childhood?

48
Q

Which type of diabetes can the person not produce insulin?

49
Q

Which type of diabetes can a person usually be treated with regular doses of insulin?

50
Q

Which type of diabetes has a greater chance of developing if you are overweight?

51
Q

Can a person with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin or not?

A

Yes they can

52
Q

What causes the problem with Type 2 diabetes?

A

A decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver

53
Q

If there are a reduced number of insulin receptors, what effect will that have on the blood glucose levels?

A

It will rise - because glucose will not be converted into glycogen (just in case you were interested).

54
Q

What happens to blood glucose concentrations in both types of diabetes after a meal?

A

Rise rapidly

55
Q

What is a common indicator of diabetes?

A

glucose in urine as the kidneys will remove some from the blood

56
Q

What test is carried out to diagnose diabetes?

A

The glucose tolerance test

57
Q

Describe the steps of the glucose tolerance test.

A
  1. Measure blood glucose after fasting
  2. Drink glucose solution
  3. Blood glucose levels measured over 2 hours
58
Q

State 3 differences of a diabetic to a non-diabetic during the glucose tolerance test.

A
  1. Blood glucose levels start at a higher level than a non-diabetic
  2. Diabetic’s blood glucose concentration increases to a much higher level during the test.
  3. Diabetic takes longer to return to starting concentration.
59
Q

What do we call excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue such as muscle?

60
Q

What is used to measure obesity?

61
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body mass Index

62
Q

What is the equation for BMI?

A

BMI = body mass/height squared

63
Q

Obesity is indicated by a BMI greater than what number?

64
Q

State 2 things that can lead to obesity.

A
  1. High fat diets

2. Lack of physical activity

65
Q

Why should the energy intake in the diet limit fats?

A

Fats have a high calorific value per gram

66
Q

Why should energy intake in the diet limit free sugars?

A

They require no metabolic energy to be expended in their digestion

67
Q

State 6 benefits of exercise.

A
  1. increases energy expenditure
  2. preserves lean tissue
  3. keeps weight under control
  4. reduces stress
  5. reduces hypertension
  6. improves HDL and LDL ratio

Higher Human Biology (21 decks)

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