Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Higher Human Biology > Specific Defence > Flashcards

Specific Defence Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the white blood cells involved in the specific immune response.

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many different types of receptor does a lymphocyte have?

A

one specific to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

The antigen on the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When a lymphocyte initially binds to the antigen of a pathogen, what does this lead to?

A

Repeated lymphocyte division, clonal population of identical lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are antigens usually made from?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are antigens normally located?

A

On the surface of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 2 types of lymphocyte.

A

B and T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the Y-shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen.

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What effect do antibodies have on the pathogen?

A

cause it to be inactive and unable to circulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is usually the result of an antigen-antibody complex?

A

destroyed by phagocytes - yum yum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do we call it when B lymphocytes respond to antigens on harmless substances?

A

allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the cells that bring about apoptosis.

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does a T lymphocyte know which cells to destroy?

A

The antigens of the pathogen are left on the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the 3 main stages of apoptosis.

A
  1. T lymphocytes attach onto infected cells and release proteins 2. Proteins diffuse into the infected cell 3. Self-destructive enzymes are produced that cause cell death
17
Q

Why are the bodies own cells not normally attacked by T lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes can distinguish between self and non-self antigens

18
Q

What name is given to a disease where failure of the regulation of the immune system leads to T lymphocytes responding to self antigens?

A

autoimmune disease

19
Q

Give 2 examples of autoimmune disease.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, MS…there are many more

20
Q

State 2 ways the secondary immune response is different to the primary?

A

antibody production is quicker and greater

21
Q

Which cells in the body allow for the secondary immune response?

A

B and T memory cells

22
Q

What does the HIV virus attack?

A

T lymphocytes

23
Q

Does HIV lead to AIDS or does AIDS lead to HIV?

A

HIV leads to AIDS

24
Q

What is the result on the immune system of HIV?

A

weakened and person more vulnerable to opportunistic infections

25
Q

How can immunity be developed through vaccinations?

A

inject antigens from infectious pathogens to create memory cells

26
Q

State 3 possible antigens used in vaccines.

A

inactivated pathogen toxins, dead pathogens, parts of pathogens and weakened pathogens

27
Q

What name is given to a substance which makes the vaccine more effective so enhancing the immune response?

A

adjuvant

28
Q

What name is given to the immunity that occurs when a large percentage of the population is immunised?

A

Herd Immunity

29
Q

How does Herd immunity protect non-immune individuals?

A

Less chance of them coming into contact with infected individuals

30
Q

What is herd immunity threshold?

A

The number of immune individuals above which the disease may no longer circulate

31
Q

State 3 factors that can affect the herd immunity threshold.

A
  1. type of disease 2. effectiveness of the vaccine 3. density of the population
32
Q

What are mass vaccination programmes designed to establish?

A

Herd immunity

33
Q

Why do we have issues with the influenza virus each year?

A

The antigens change - antigenic variation

34
Q

If pathogens change their antigens, what effect does this have?

A

Means that memory cells are not effective against them

Higher Human Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions