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Higher Human Biology > Structure and replication of DNA > Flashcards

Structure and replication of DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

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2
Q

State 3 functions of proteins.

A
  1. structural
  2. enzymes
  3. hormones
  4. antibodies
  5. receptors
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3
Q

Name the molecule that carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

A

mRNA

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4
Q

What do we call a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein?

A

gene

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5
Q

In DNA, what does C stand for?

A

Cytosine

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6
Q

Where in a cell are proteins made?

A

ribosomes

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7
Q

What determines the protein that is made?

A

The order of the bases on the DNA

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8
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

2

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9
Q

In DNA, what does A stand for?

A

Adenine

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10
Q

In DNA, what does T stand for?

A

Thymine

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11
Q

Of the 3 things that make up a nucleotide, which is the one that can vary?

A

base (A,T,G,C)

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12
Q

In DNA, what does G stand for?

A

Guanine

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13
Q

State 5 things needed for DNA replication.

A
  1. DNA (template)
  2. primers
  3. 4 types of DNA nucleotide
  4. enzymes
  5. ATP
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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

section of DNA that codes for one protein

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15
Q

Which two chemicals make up the backbone of the DNA?

A

sugar and phosphate

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16
Q

Name the bond that holds the adjacent strands of DNA together at the bases.

A

hydrogen

17
Q

What term is used to describe the fact that the 2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions?

A

antiparallel

18
Q

Where in the cell does DNA replication take place?

A

nucleus

19
Q

What solves the problem of DNA polymerase needing a pre-existing chain of DNA in order to add nucleotides?

A

A primer

20
Q

Name the strand of DNA that can be formed continuously during DNA replication.

A

Leading strand

21
Q

Name the enzyme that joins nucleotides to the new DNA strand during DNA replication.

A

DNA polymerase

22
Q

Name the 3 things that make up a DNA nucleotide.

A

deoxyribose sugar, base, phosphate

23
Q

Name the enzyme required to join the fragments on the lagging strand.

A

ligase

24
Q

What name is given to the copying of DNA by means of PCR?

A

amplification

25
Q

During PCR, why is the DNA heated to 92-98oC?

A

To separate the strands of DNA (break the hydrogen bonds)

26
Q

During PCR, Why is it then cooled to between 50-65oC?

A

To allow primers to bind to target sequences

27
Q

During PCR, why is it then heated again to between 70-80oC?

A

So heat tolerant DNA polymerase can replicate that section of DNA

28
Q

What are some practical application of PCR?

A

solve crimes, paternity suits and diagnose genetic disorders

29
Q

What is a primer?

A

A short strand of nucleotides

30
Q

What is found at the 3’ end of the nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose sugar

31
Q

What is found at the 5’ end of the nucleotide?

A

Phosphate

32
Q

In which direction can a new strand of DNA only be produced?

A

In a 5’ to 3’ direction

33
Q

Which end of the template strand of DNA does a primer attach to?

A

3’ end

Higher Human Biology (21 decks)

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