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Human Anatomy > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How is the respiratory system divided?

A
  • anatomically into upper and lower respiratory tracts

- functionally into conducting portion and respiratory portion

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2
Q

Name the parts of the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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3
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • main function is ventilation (breathing)
  • gas conditioning
  • sound production
  • olfaction
  • defense
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4
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract divided into?

A
  • nose and nasal cavities
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
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5
Q

The upper respiratory tract is part of the ______ portion (functional).

A

respiratory portion

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6
Q

Where is the region that is shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

pharynx

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7
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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8
Q

Describe the nasopharynx.

A
  • continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate
  • opening of auditory tubes found in the lateral walls
  • posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
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9
Q

Describe the oropharynx.

A
  • begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone
  • the palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral wall between the arches
  • the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue
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10
Q

Name the parts of the conducting portion of the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
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11
Q

Name the parts of the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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12
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

pharynx and trachea

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13
Q

What are the 5 functions of the larynx?

A
  • passageway for air
  • prevents ingested material from entering the respiratory tract
  • produces sound for speech
  • assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
  • participates in both a sneeze and cough reflex
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14
Q

What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

A

the thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

The larynx has a anterior and lateral wall, but no ______wall.

A

posterior

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16
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A
  • v-shaped anterior projection
  • usually larger in males than females due to testosterone-induced growth
  • aka Adam’s apple
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17
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage and where is it found?

A

ring shaped cartilage found inferior to the thyroid cartilage in the larynx

18
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A
  • spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx
  • swallowing causes the epiglottis to close the opening to the larynx
19
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A
  • anterior to the esophagus
  • inferior to the larynx
  • superior to the main bronchi
20
Q

What are the dimensions of the trachea?

A
  • 2.5 cm in diameter

- 12-14 cm in length

21
Q

What is the name of the c-shaped cartilage that supports the trachea and what ligaments are they connected by?

A
  • tracheal cartilages

- annular ligaments

22
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the main bronchi, progressing through narrower tubes before ending in terminal bronchioles

23
Q

The trachea branches into left and right ____ _____.

A

main bronchi

24
Q

Each main bronchus divides into ____ _____.

A

lobar bronchi

25
Q

Lobar bronchi divide into ______ _____.

A

segmental bronchi

26
Q

All bronchi are lined with ______ ________ _______.

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

27
Q

Bronchioles are lined with ________.

A

simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium

28
Q

As branching of the bronchial tree continues, the following is observed:

A
  • incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous
  • bronchi branch into bronchioles, which lack rings of cartilage
29
Q

What is in bronchiole walls that allow for bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation?

A

a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle

30
Q

Bronchioles branch into _______ _______ (last part of conducting system).

A

terminal bronchioles

31
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into ______ ______.

A

respiratory bronchioles

32
Q

Respiratory bronchioles branch into _____ ______.

A

alveolar ducts

33
Q

Alveolar ducts end with _____.

A

alveoli

34
Q

What does the thin wall of the alveolus allow for?

A

the diffusion of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and the air in the longs

35
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

the diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli

36
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A
  • plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
  • plasma membrane of the capillary cell
  • fused basement membrane of both cells
37
Q

Where is the base of the lungs?

A

inferior, rests on diaphragm

38
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs?

A
  • superior most portion of lung

- projects slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle

39
Q

Where is the hilum of the lungs?

A

concave region on the mediastinal surface

40
Q

What passes in to and out of the hilum?

A

bronchi, pulmonary veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass in to and out of the lungs through the hilum

41
Q

Collectively, all structures within the hilum are termed the _____ of the lung.

A

root

42
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx.

A
  • narrowed, inferior portion

- from hyoid to near the top of esophagus, posterior to larynx

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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