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Human Anatomy > Nervous Tissue & The Brain > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue & The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system, and what do each include?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS): includes the brain and spinal cord
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS): includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
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2
Q

Name and describe the 3 general functions of the CNS and PNS.

A
  • collecting information: receptors detect changes in the internal and external environment; pass info onto CNS
  • processing and evaluating information: CNS determines the required response
  • responding to information: CNS initiates nerve impulses to the effectors to react to changes in the body’s environment
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of cells within the nervous system? Describe each.

A
  • neurons (nerve cells): electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses
  • glial cells: non excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
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4
Q

Name 3 special characteristics of neurons.

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • extreme longevity
  • nonmitotic
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5
Q

What are the 3 main structural regions of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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6
Q

What are dendrites?

A
  • short processes that branch from the cell body

- receive nerve impulses and carry them to the cell body

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7
Q

What do axons do?

A

transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body and transmit information to other cells

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8
Q

The region where the axon connects to the cell body is the ____ ______.

A

axon hillock

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9
Q

Glial cells are sometimes referred to as _______.

A

neuroglia

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10
Q

Where are glial cells found?

A

in both CNS and PNS

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11
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

physically protect and nourish neurons

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12
Q

How do glial cells differ from neurons?

A
  • smaller than neurons
  • capable of mitosis
  • more numerous than neurons
  • brain tumours are more likely to be derived from glial cells than neurons
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13
Q

Name and describe the function of the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS.

A
  • astrocytes: bind blood vessels (nutrients) to neurons, form BBB
  • ependymal cells: produce CSF
  • microglial cells: immune response
  • oligodendrocytes: generate myelin
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14
Q

Name and describe the function of the 2 types of glial cells in the PNS.

A
  • satellite cells: protection, nutrients for cell bodies

- Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): generate myelin

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15
Q

What is a synapse?

A

specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

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16
Q

A typical synapse consists of ________, _________, and ______.

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • postsynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
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17
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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18
Q

Describe gray matter.

A
  • houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
  • forms the cortex, which covers the surface of most of the adult brain
  • forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
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19
Q

Describe white matter.

A
  • made up of myelinated axons

- deep to the gray matter of the cortex

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20
Q

Name 4 structures that protect the brain.

A
  • bony cranium
  • protective connective tissue (meninges)
  • CSF
  • blood-brain barrier
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21
Q

What do the cranial meninges do?

A
  • separate soft tissue of the brain from bones of cranium
  • enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  • contain and circulate CSF
  • form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain
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22
Q

What are the layers of the cranial meninges?

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
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23
Q

What are ventricles of the brain?

A

cavities within the brain that contain CSF

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24
Q

What are the 4 ventricles, and where are they found?

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles: one in each hemisphere of cerebrum, separated by a thin septum pellucidum
  • third ventricle: in dicephalon
  • fourth ventricle: between pons and cerebellum
25
Q

What does CSF stand for, and what is it?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid

- clear, colourless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

26
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • buoyancy: brain floats in the CSF
  • protection: CSF provides liquid cushion
  • environmental stability: CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from brain
27
Q

Describe the cerebrum?

A
  • the location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions
  • contains a large number of neurons that are needed for complex analytical and integrative functions
  • contains an outer cortex, inner white matter, and deep regions of gray matter called cerebral nuclei
  • surface is marked by sulci, gyri, and deep grooves called fissures
28
Q

The cerebrum is composed of two halves called left and right ______ _________.

A

cerebral hemispheres

29
Q

The paired cerebral hemispheres are divided by a ________ _______ that extends along the _________ plane.

A
  • longitudinal fissure

- midsagittal

30
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

the largest tract and the main tract that connects the two hemispheres

31
Q

Name the 5 lobes that each cerebral hemisphere is divided into.

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • insula
32
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A
  • deep to the frontal bone

- forms anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere

33
Q

The frontal lobe is involved in what functions?

A
  • voluntary motor functions
  • concentration
  • verbal communication
  • decision making
  • planning
  • personality
34
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A
  • forms the superoposteriar part of each hemisphere

- underlies parietal bone

35
Q

The parietal lobe is involved in what functions?

A

general sensory functions

36
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A
  • inferior to the lateral sulcus

- underlies temporal bone

37
Q

The temporal lobe is involved in what functions?

A
  • hearing

- smell

38
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A
  • posterior region of each hemisphere

- underlies occipital bone

39
Q

The occipital lobe is involved in what functions?

A
  • processes incoming visual information

- stores visual memories

40
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

41
Q

The insula is involved in what functions?

A
  • memory

- interpretation of taste

42
Q

What are 3 components of the diencephalon?

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
43
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A
  • partially forms posterior roof of diencephalon

- covers third ventricle

44
Q

Name and describe 2 components of the epithalamus.

A
  • pineal gland: secretes melatonin
  • habenular nuclei: relay signals from the limbic system to the midbrain; involved in visceral and emotional responses to odour
45
Q

What is melatonin?

A

a hormone that regulates circadian rhythm

46
Q

What is the thalamus, and where is it located?

A
  • paired oval masses of gray matter

- lie on each side of third ventricle

47
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • sensory impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction converge on the thalamus and synapse in at least one of its nuclei
  • principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed
48
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

anteroinferior region of the diencephalon

49
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

thin, stalk-like structure that extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to attach to pituitary gland

50
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • master control of the autonomic nervous system
  • master control of the endocrine system
  • regulation of body temperature
  • control of emotional behaviour
  • control of food intake
  • control of water intake
  • regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms
51
Q

Describe the brainstem.

A
  • connects prosencephalon and cerebellum to spinal cord
  • passageway for all tracts extending between cerebrum and spinal cord
  • contains many autonomic centres and reflex centres required for survival
  • houses nuclei of many of the cranial nerves
52
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
53
Q

What does the cerebral aquaduct connect, and where is it found?

A
  • ventricles

- midbrain

54
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A
  • auditory reflex
  • integration center (involuntary commands)
  • produce dopamine
55
Q

Where are the pons located?

A

bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem

56
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A
  • contains autonomic nuclei in the pontine respiratory centre, which helps regulate breathing
  • receives auditory input and helps localize sound
57
Q

The medulla oblongata contains several autonomic nuclei, which group to form what 4 things?

A
  • cardiac centre: regulates heart rate and its strength of contraction
  • vasomotor centre: controls blood pressure by regulating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles
  • medullary respiratory centre: regulates respiratory rate
  • other nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting
58
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements
  • stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
  • adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
  • receives proprioceptive (sensory) information from the muscles and joints and uses this information to regulate the body’s position
  • monitors the position of each body joint and its muscle tone
59
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there, and how are they named?

A
  • 12 pairs

- numbered with Roman numerals by their position, beginning with the most anteriorly placed nerve

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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