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Human Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A
  • study of structure
  • Greek for “to cut up” or “cut open”
  • often implies function of a structure, things are named after what they do
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2
Q

Define Physiology

A
  • study of function

- anatomy and physiology are interrelated

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3
Q

What are the 2 categories of anatomy?

A
  • microscopic

- gross

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4
Q

Define microscopic anatomy

A
  • structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

- ex. cytology (cells), and histology (tissues)

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5
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

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6
Q

What are the different sections of gross anatomy?

A
  • comparative anatomy
  • developmental anatomy
  • embryology
  • regional anatomy*
  • surface anatomy
  • systemic anatomy*
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7
Q

Describe comparative anatomy

A

examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

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8
Q

Describe developmental anatomy

A

study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity

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9
Q

Describe embryology

A

study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth

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10
Q

Describe regional anatomy

A
  • study of structures within a single region

- ex. the head and neck, or abdomen

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11
Q

Describe surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

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12
Q

Describe systemic anatomy

A
  • study of structures involved with a specific activity

- ex. digestion or reproduction

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13
Q

What are the levels of systems in the human body?

A
  • chemical
  • cellular
  • tissue
  • organ
  • organ system
  • organismal
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14
Q

How many organ systems are in the human body?

A

11

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15
Q

Name all of the organ systems

A
  • integumentary system
  • skeletal system
  • muscular system
  • nervous system
  • endocrine system
  • cardiovascular system
  • lymphatic system
  • respiratory system
  • digestive system
  • urinary system
  • reproductive system
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16
Q

Define and describe the anatomic position

A
  • standard universal position for comparing structures. Always think in anatomical position
  • standing upright
  • feet parallel on the floor
  • head level, looking forward
  • arms at side of body
  • palms facing forward (supinated) and thumbs pointing away from the body
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17
Q

Define section

A

cut or slice through a structure

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18
Q

Define plane

A

imaginary flat surface passing through the body or an organ

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19
Q

What are the 4 planes?

A
  • coronal (frontal) plane
  • transverse (horizontal) plane
  • midsagittal (median) plane, sagittal plane
  • oblique plane
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20
Q

Describe coronal (frontal) plane

A

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

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21
Q

Describe transverse (horizontal) plane

A

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

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22
Q

Describe midsagittal (median) and sagittal planes

A

midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
sagittal: divides the body into unequal left and right parts

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23
Q

Describe oblique plane

A

passes through specimen at an angle

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24
Q

Define anatomical directions

A

terms that describe the relative position of one body structure to another

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25
Q

What is anterior (ventral) vs. posterior (dorsal)?

A

front vs. back

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26
Q

What is superior vs. inferior?

A

higher (closer to the head) vs. lower (away from the head)

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27
Q

What is medial vs. lateral?

A

towards/closer to midline vs. away from midline

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28
Q

What is proximal vs. distal?

A

closer to the attachment of the main skeleton vs. further to the attachment of the main skeleton

29
Q

What is visceral vs. parietal?

A

closer to the internal cavity vs. closer to the walls of the cavity

30
Q

What is internal (deep) vs. external (superficial)?

A

on the inside vs. on the outside

31
Q

What are the 2 major regions in the human body and what do they consist of?

A
  • Axial: head, neck, trunk (vertical axis of the body)

- Appendicular: upper and lower limbs/appendages

32
Q

In the posterior aspect, what is the cranial cavity formed by?

A

skull bones

33
Q

In the posterior aspect, what is the vertebral canal formed by?

A

vertebral column bones

34
Q

What are the ventral cavities, and which one is superior/inferior?

A
  • thoracic: superior
  • abdominalpelvic: inferior
  • physically separated by the diaphragm
35
Q

Ventral cavities are lined by…

A

serous membrane

36
Q

What are the 2 continuous parts/layers of the serous membrane?

A
  • parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wall
  • visceral layer: covers the external surface of specific organs
37
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

both the parietal and visceral layer of the serous membrane produce a small amount of this fluid to protect against friction between moving organs

38
Q

In what cavity is the heart located?

A

middle compartment of the thoracic cavity called the mediastinum

39
Q

What are the 2 continuous layers of the pericardium?

A
  • parietal pericardium: on the surface of the heart

- visceral pericardium: outermost layer; forms sac surrounding the heart

40
Q

What is the name of the space between the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity

41
Q

What is the pleura?

A

2 layered serous membrane that lines the lungs

42
Q

What are the 2 continuous layers of the pleura?

A
  • parietal pleura: on the surface of the lungs

- visceral pleura: outermost layer; lines internal thoracic wall

43
Q

What is the name of the space between the 2 layers of the pleura?

A

pleural cavity

44
Q

What 2 cavities make up the abdominopelvic cavity and how are they separated?

A
  • abdominal cavity (superior)
  • pelvic cavity (inferior)
  • no physical separation; imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones
45
Q

What is the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity called?

A

peritoneum

46
Q

What are the 2 continuous layers of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  • parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity; not directly in contact with the organs
  • visceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organs
47
Q

What is the name of the space between the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

peritoneal cavity

48
Q

How is the abdominopelvic cavity divided? (regions)

A
  • 9 abdominopelvic regions

- 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

49
Q

What are the 4 functions of bone?

A
  • support and protection
  • movement
  • hemopoiesis (formation of RBC)
  • storage of mineral and energy reserves
50
Q

What is calcification?

A

deposition of minerals that make the extracellular matrix sturdy and rigid

51
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft

52
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A
  • knobby, enlarged regions at each end
  • strengthens joints
  • attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
53
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A
  • region between diaphysis and epiphysis

- contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

54
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

- reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints

55
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A
  • hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

- In adults, it contains yellow bone marrow

56
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

covers most internal surfaces of bones

57
Q

What is the periosteum?

A
  • connective tissue
  • covers external surfaces of bones (except articular cartilage)
  • acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves
58
Q

Name 4 cells in bone

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
59
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A
  • stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum; can produce more stem cells or osteoblasts
60
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

form bone matrix

61
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A
  • reside in lacunae

- maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone

62
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

large, multinuclear cells that dissolve bone matrix (bone resorption), releasing Ca++

63
Q

What is a characteristic of compact bone and where is it found?

A
  • solid and relatively dense

- external surfaces of long and flat bones

64
Q

What is a characteristic of spongy bone and where is it found?

A
  • open lattice of narrow plates called trabeculae

- internal surface of bones

65
Q

Which type of bones make up the flat bones within the skull?

A

two layers of compact bone with spongy bone sandwiched between

66
Q

Describe long, short, flat, irregular bones, sutural bones, and sesamoid bones.

A

long bones: greater length than width
short bones: nearly equal length and width
flat bones: thin surfaces
irregular bones: complex shapes
sutural bones: similar structure to flat bones; only exist in certain people
sesamoid bones: sits within a tendon

67
Q

Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions from left to right, top to bottom.

A
  • right hypochondriac region
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondriac region
  • right lumbar region
  • umbilical region
  • left lumbar region
  • right iliac region
  • hypogastric region
  • left iliac region
68
Q

Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants from left to right, top to bottom

A
  • right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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