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Human Anatomy > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Typically, how many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of, and how many bones are in each?

A
  • skull (22), bones associated with skull (7)
  • vertebral column (26)
  • thoracic cage (25)
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4
Q

The skull is composed of what two types of bones?

A
  • cranial bones

- facial bones

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5
Q

Name and describe the cranial bones.

A
  • 8 bones that form the cranium and have direct contact with the brain
  • parietal bone x2
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone x2
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
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6
Q

Name and describe the facial bones.

A
  • 14 bones that form the face and have no brain contact
  • zygomatic bone x2
  • vomer
  • mandible
  • nasal bone x2
  • lacrimal bone x2
  • maxilla x2
  • inferior nasal conchae x2
  • palatine bone x2
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7
Q

What are sutures? Name the 4 major sutures.

A
  • immovable joints between skull bones
  • coronal suture
  • lambdoid suture
  • sagittal suture
  • squamous suture
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8
Q

Describe the coronal suture.

A

junction between frontal and parietal bones

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9
Q

Describe the lambdoid suture.

A

junction between occipital and parietal bones

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10
Q

Describe the sagittal suture.

A

junction between parietal bones

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11
Q

Describe the squamous suture.

A

junction between temporal and parietal bones

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12
Q

Name 5 functions of cranial bones.

A
  • attachment of meniges
  • attachment of muscles
  • chambers
  • housing glands
  • articulation sites
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13
Q

Name 3 parts on the frontal bone.

A
  • coronal suture
  • supraorbital margin
  • supraorbital foremen (notch)
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14
Q

Name 5 parts on the parietal bone.

A
  • coronal suture
  • lambdoid suture
  • sagittal suture
  • squamous suture
  • parietal foremen
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15
Q

Name 5 parts on the temporal bone.

A
  • zygomatic process
  • mastoid process
  • styloid process
  • external acoustic meatus
  • mandibular fossa
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16
Q

Name 4 parts on the occipital bone.

A
  • occipital condyle
  • foramen magnum
  • hypoglossal canal
  • jugular notch
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17
Q

Name 9 parts on the sphenoid bone.

A
  • greater wing
  • lesser wing
  • foramen ovale
  • optic canal
  • sella turcica
  • body
  • pterygoid process
  • superior orbital fissure
  • pterygoid canal
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18
Q

Why is the sphenoid bone called the “keystone bone”?

A

it articulates with almost every other bone in the skull

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19
Q

The ethmoid articulates with…

A

more than half of the bones in the skull

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20
Q

Name 5 parts on the ethmoid bone.

A
  • ethmoidal sinuses
  • crista galli
  • superior nasal concha
  • middle nasal concha
  • perpendicular plate
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21
Q

What are 4 functions of bones of the face?

A
  • gives shape to the face
  • forms part of the orbital and nasal cavities
  • support the teeth
  • serve as muscle attachment sites
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22
Q

Name 4 parts of the zygomatic bone.

A
  • frontal process
  • orbital surface
  • temporal process
  • maxillary process
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23
Q

Name 2 parts of the vomer bone.

A
  • ala

- vertical plate

24
Q

Name 3 parts of the palatine bone.

A
  • orbital process
  • perpendicular plate
  • horizontal plate
25
Q

Name 5 parts of the mandible.

A
  • mandibular notch
  • coronoid process
  • condylar process
  • alveolar process
  • mental foramen
26
Q

What does the nasal complex consist of?

A

bones and cartilages forming the nasal cavities and sinuses around them

27
Q

What is the paranasal sinuses, and what is its functions?

A
  • air-filled spaces in skull bones around nasal cavity
  • mucous lining humidifies and warms inhaled air
  • lightens skull
  • resonant chambers for sound production while speaking
28
Q

Describe the orbits.

A
  • bony cavities in the skull that hold and protect the eyes
  • consist of multiple bones
  • also contain muscles that move the eyes
29
Q

Name all of the bones of the orbital complex.

A 
Roof:
- frontal bone
- sphenoid bone
Floor: 
- maxilla
Walls:
- medially: maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
- laterally: zygomatic, sphenoid, and frontal bones
- posteriorly: sphenoid
30
Q

What are the auditory ossicles? Name all of them.

A
  • 3 tiny bones in each temporal for hearing
  • malleus x2
  • incus x2
  • stapes x2
31
Q

Describe the hyoid bone.

A
  • located between the mandible and the larynx
  • does not articulate with another bone
  • attachment site for tongue and muscles of larynx used in swallowing
32
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

26

33
Q

How are the bones in the vertebral column divided?

A

24 individual vertebrae:

  • 7 cervical vertebrae (neck)
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae (superior back)
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae (inferior concave back)

2 inferior bones are fusions of several vertebrae:

  • Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
  • Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
34
Q

What are the 4 adult spinal curvatures?

A
  • cervical curvature (slightly concave)
  • thoracic curvature (convex)
  • lumbar curvature (concave)
  • sacral curvature (slightly convex)
35
Q

Name 3 abnormal spinal curvatures.

A
  • kyphosis (hunchback)
  • lordosis (swayback)
  • scoliosis
36
Q

Describe the atlas (C1).

A
  • has deep superior articular facets that articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone
  • holds head, allows “yes” movement
  • no body, fused to the next vertebrae
37
Q

Describe the axis (C2).

A
  • has a dens (body of C1 that is fused to C2)
  • acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and the skull
  • bifid (2) spinous process
38
Q

What is the relative size for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • cervical: small
  • thoracic: medium
  • lumbar: large
39
Q

What is the body shape for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • cervical: kidney-shaped bean
  • thoracic: heart-shaped
  • lumbar: large, round or oval
40
Q

What does the thoracic vertebrae have that none of the other types have?

A

costal facets for ribs are present on body and transverse processes

41
Q

What does the cervical vertebrae have that none of the other types have?

A

transverse foramen

42
Q

Describe the transverse processes for each type of vertebrae.

A
  • cervical: small, C3-C6 often bifid (contain transverse foramen)
  • thoracic: medium-sized
  • lumbar: large, thick and blunt
43
Q

Describe the angle of articular facets for each type of vertebrae.

A
  • cervical: anteroinferior, posterosuperior
  • thoracic: anteromedial, posterolateral
  • lumbar: lateral, medial
44
Q

Describe the spinous process for each type of vertebrae.

A
  • cervical: slender, C2-C6 are often bifid (C1 has no spinous process)
  • thoracic: long, most project inferiorly
  • lumbar: short (thick and blunt), project posteriorly
45
Q

Describe the sacrum.

A

originally 5 vertebrae, usually fuse in the third decade of life

46
Q

Name and describe the 2 major structures of the sacrum.

A
  • alae: anterolateral “wing-like” projections

- promontory: anteriosuperior edge of 1st vertebrae

47
Q

What is the thoracic cage, and what does it consist of?

A
  • bony frame around chest
  • thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  • ribs laterally
  • sternum anteriorly
48
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic organs

49
Q

What is the sternum, and what are the 3 parts of it?

A
  • the “breastbone” in anterior midline
  • manubrium
  • body, sometimes with foramen (4-10%)
  • xiphoid process
50
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there, and where do they articulate?

A
  • 12 pairs

- articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae

51
Q

What are the true ribs?

A
  • ribs 1-7

- articulate anteriorly with the sternum via costal cartilages

52
Q

What are the false ribs?

A
  • ribs 8-12

- their costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum

53
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A
  • ribs 11-12

- false ribs that do not articulate with the sternum

54
Q

How are infant skulls different?

A
  • infant cranial bones are connected by flexible areas of dense regular connective tissue called fontanelles
55
Q

What are the 2 major fontanelles?

A
  • anterior: ossifies at 15 months

- posterior: ossifies at 9 months

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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