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Human Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry blood ____ the heart

A

away from

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2
Q

veins carry blood ______ the heart

A

back to

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3
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

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4
Q

Where do the two side-by-side pumps of the heart pump blood to?

A
  • one pump directs blood to the lungs

- one pump directs blood to most body tissues

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5
Q

How is blood pressure generated?

A

contraction and relaxation of heart walls

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6
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins

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8
Q

Where does the pulmonary circulation move blood?

A

to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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9
Q

What does the systemic circulation consist of?

A

left side of the heart and arteries and veins

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10
Q

Where does the systemic circulation move blood?

A

to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

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11
Q

Where is the position of the heart?

A

Slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mediastinum

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12
Q

What is the posterosuperior surface of the heart mainly composed of, and what is this surface called?

A
  • mainly left atrium

- base

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13
Q

What is the superior border formed by?

A
  • great arterial vessels

- superior vena cava

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14
Q

What is the inferior conical end of the heart called?

A

apex

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15
Q

What is the inferior border formed by?

A

the right ventricle

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16
Q

The heart is enclosed within a tough sac called the _______.

A

pericardium

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17
Q

Name and describe the two parts of the pericardium.

A
  • fibrous pericardium: tough outer sac

- serous pericardium: composed of parietal and visceral layers; forms pericardial cavity

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall, from superficial to deep?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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19
Q

Describe the epicardium.

A

consists of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue

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20
Q

Describe the myocardium.

A
  • cardiac muscle

- thickest of the 3 layers

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21
Q

Describe the endocardium.

A

internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves

22
Q

The anteroinferior borders of the atria form a muscular extension called the _____.

A

auricle

23
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

a groove that separates the atria and ventricles

24
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
25
Q

Name the 4 valves of the heart.

A
  • right atrioventricular
  • pulmonary semilunar
  • left atrioventricular
  • aortic semilunar
26
Q

Where does the right atrium receive venous blood from?

A
  • the heart
  • the muscles
  • systemic circulation
27
Q

Name the 3 veins that drain into the right atrium.

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
28
Q

What separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

29
Q

When is the right AV valve forced closed?

A

when the right ventricle begins to contract (prevents back flow)

30
Q

What is the name of the thick wall that separates the right and left ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

31
Q

What is the trabeculae carneae?

A

large, irregular muscular ridges on inner walls of ventricles

32
Q

What do the papillary muscles of the right ventricle do?

A

anchor chordae tendineae attached to the right AV valve cusps

33
Q

What are atrioventricular valve cusps?

A

triangular flaps that hang down into the ventricle

34
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

prevent the cusps from flipping into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

35
Q

What is the smooth area at the superior end or roof of the ventricle called?

A

conus arteriosus

36
Q

What separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

37
Q

What separates the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral valve)

38
Q

When is the left AV valve forced closed?

A

When the left ventricle contracts

39
Q

What separates the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

40
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

A

left is 3x thicker than right

41
Q

Describe the right and left coronary arteries.

A
  • travel within the coronary sulcus

- supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients

42
Q

Why does the heart contract as a single unit?

A

all connected with gap junctions

43
Q

What are gap junctions made up of?

A

intercalated discs

44
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

45
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node or the pacemaker, and where is it located?

A
  • special cardiac muscle cells that initiates autorhythmicity
  • right atrium next to SVC
46
Q

Describe the path that an impulse takes in the heart.

A
  • via gap junctions to left atrium and the atrioventricular (AV) node located in the floor of the right atrium
  • AV bundle or bundle of His, which extends into the interventricular septum
  • AV bundle divides into left and right bundles
  • purkinje fibres that begin at the apex of the heart and spread the impulse superiorly to all of the ventricular myocardium
47
Q

What innervates the heart?

A
  • sympathetic (ANS)

- parasympathetic (ANS)

48
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

does not initiate a heartbeat, but can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat

49
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

the time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

50
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction of a chamber

51
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation of a chamber

52
Q

Describe the blood flow through the heart.

A
  • superior and inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right atrioventricular valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • pulmonary trunk and arteries
  • gas exchange in the lungs
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left atrioventricular valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • aorta
  • systemic arteries
  • gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues
  • systemic veins

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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