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Human Anatomy > Lower Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Lower Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the pelvic girdle?

A
  • left and right os coxae

- with the sacrum and coccyx, it forms the pelvis

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2
Q

What parts make up the os coxae, and when do these parts fuse together?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
  • between 13-15 years old
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3
Q

What are the articulations of the os coxae?

A
  • anteriorly: with other os coxae
  • posteriorly: with the sacrum
  • laterally: with the femur at the acetabulum (all 3 bones of the os coxa contribute to its acetabulum)
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4
Q

Where is the ilium located?

A
  • superior portion of os coxa and acetabulum

- largest of the 3 fused bones

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5
Q

Name 13 parts of the ilium.

A
  • ala
  • arcuate line
  • iliac fossa
  • anterior gluteal line
  • posterior gluteal line
  • inferior gluteal line
  • iliac crest
  • anterior superior iliac spine
  • anterior inferior iliac spine
  • posterior superior iliac spine
  • posterior inferior iliac spine
  • greater sciatic notch
  • auricular surface
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6
Q

Briefly describe the ala of the ilium.

A

wide, fan-shaped portion

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7
Q

Briefly describe the arcuate line of the ilium.

A

ridge along inferior border of the ala

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8
Q

Briefly describe the iliac fossa of the ilium.

A

large depression on the medial surface

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9
Q

Briefly describe the anterior, posterior, and inferior gluteal lines.

A

lateral sites of muscle attachments

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10
Q

Where is the iliac crest located?

A

superior ridge of ilium

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11
Q

Briefly describe ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, and PIIS of the ilium.

A

projections along the iliac crest

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12
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch of the ilium for?

A

for sciatic nerve entering the lower limb

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13
Q

What is the auricular surface of the ilium for?

A

medial articulation with the sacrum

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14
Q

Where is the ischium located?

A

superior/posterior margin of the acetabulum

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15
Q

Name 3 parts of the ischium.

A
  • ischial spine
  • ischial tuberosity
  • ischial ramus
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16
Q

Briefly describe the ischial spine.

A

prominent medial process

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17
Q

Briefly describe the ischial tuberosity.

A
  • rough inferior projection that supports weight of the body when seated
  • origin for deep gluteal muscles and hamstrings
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18
Q

Where is the ischial ramus located?

A

extends from tuberosity to pubis

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19
Q

Where is the pubis located?

A

anterior region of os coxae

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20
Q

Name 5 parts of the pubis.

A
  • superior ramus
  • inferior ramus
  • pubic crest
  • obturator foreman
  • pectineal line
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21
Q

Where is the superior and inferior rami located?

A

extend between acetabulum and ischial ramus

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22
Q

Briefly describe the pubic crest.

A

rough ridge on anterosuperior side of the superior ramus; ends as the pubic tubercle

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23
Q

Briefly describe the obturator foreman.

A

large space bordered by pubic and ischial rami

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24
Q

Briefly describe the pectineal line.

A

ridge on medial surface of pubis continuing from arcuate line of ilium

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25
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A

continuous oval ridge formed by pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and sacral promontory

26
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

bony basin inferior to pelvic brim containing pelvic organs

27
Q

Where is the false pelvis?

A

superior to pelvic brim bound by ilia laterally and abdominal wall anteriorly

28
Q

What is the pelvic inlet?

A

superior entrance to the true pelvis, at pelvic brim

29
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A

exit of true pelvis, defined by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, and inferior border of pubic symphysis

30
Q

Name 3 differences between the female and male pelves.

A
  • female ilia laterally flared = wider pelvis
  • female pelvic inlet = wide oval; male’s = heart-shaped (bowl vs. funnel)
  • female subpubic angle is wider: greater than 100 degrees compared to less than 90 degrees in males
31
Q

What is the largest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body?

A

femur

32
Q

Name 5 proximal parts on the femur.

A
  • head
  • fovea
  • neck
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
33
Q

What does the head of the femur articulate with?

A

with os coxa at the acetabulum

34
Q

What is the fovea of the femur?

A

dent in head of femur for ligament to acetabulum

35
Q

What are the greater and lesser trochanters on the femur?

A

massive processes for attachment of powerful hip and thigh muscles

36
Q

What is the intertrochanteric line on the femur?

A

anterior line between the trochanters marking the distal edge of the hip capsule

37
Q

What is the gluteal tuberosity on the femur?

A

posterior rough region for attachment of gluteus maximus muscle

38
Q

What is the linea aspera on the femur?

A

ridge on posterior shaft for attachment of many thigh muscles

39
Q

Distally, what does the linea aspera split into?

A

medial and lateral supracondylar lines

40
Q

Name 6 distal parts of the femur.

A
  • medial condyle
  • lateral condyle
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle
  • intercondylar fossa
  • patellar surface
41
Q

Describe the medial and lateral condyles on the femur.

A

smooth, rounded articular surfaces

42
Q

What are the medial and lateral epicondyles on the femur?

A

projections just superior to the condyles for muscle and ligament attachment

43
Q

What is the intercondylar fossa on the femur?

A

deep posterior depression that separates the condyles

44
Q

What is the patellar surface on the femur?

A

smooth anterior region between condyles where the patella articulates with the femur

45
Q

Describe the patella

A
  • triangular with broad superior border and inferiorly pointed apex
  • articulates with patellar surface of femur
46
Q

Describe the 2 bones in the crural region.

A
  • tibia and fibula are parallel to each other
  • tibia is medial to the fibula
  • tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane
47
Q

Name 3 proximal parts of the tibia.

A
  • medial condyle
  • lateral condyle
  • fibular articular facet
48
Q

What are the medial and lateral condyles on the tibia?

A

smooth surfaces for articulation with the femur

49
Q

What is the fibular articular facet on the tibia?

A

articulation site for the head of the fibula under the lateral condyle

50
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity on the tibia?

A

rough anterior projection inferior to the condyles. Attachment site of patellar ligament

51
Q

What is the tibial border on the tibia?

A

ridge along anterior surface extending from tuberosity distally; the “shin”

52
Q

What is the medial malleolus and what bone is it on?

A
  • most distal prominent medial process

- tibia

53
Q

What is the articular surface on the tibia?

A

surface on the underside of the tibia; articulates with the talus

54
Q

Name 3 features of the fibula.

A
  • proximal head with flat articular facet for articulation with the tibia
  • narrow neck and slender shaft
  • distal end expands into lateral malleolus
55
Q

How many bones are in the tarsals? Name them.

A
  • 7 bones
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
  • cuboid
56
Q

How many bones are in the metatarsals and how are they named?

A
  • 5 bones in the sole of the foot

- identified by Roman numerals I-V from medial to lateral

57
Q

What do the metatarsals articulate with?

A
  • proximally with tarsals

- distally with phalanges

58
Q

How many phalanges bones do we have?

A
  • 14 bones per foot
  • 3 phalanges for toes 2-5 (proximal, middle, distal)
  • 2 phalanges for big toe (hallux) (proximal, distal)
59
Q

Why is the foot normally arched?

A

helps prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

60
Q

Name and describe the 3 major arches of the foot.

A
  • medial: from heel to hallux; highest arch
  • lateral: from heel to fifth toe; lowest arch
  • transverse: perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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