The Reproductive System 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is reproduction?
A
union of male and female gametes
each with half set of chromosomes to form new individual with full, unique set of chromosomes
2
Q
humans have 22 pairs of …
A
somatic chromosomes
3
Q
what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?
A
- testes
- ducts
- glands
4
Q
what are the ducts involved in the male reproductive system?
A
- epidydmis
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory ducts
- urethra
5
Q
what are the glands involved in the reproductive system?
A
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
6
Q
what are the supporting structures involved in the male reproductive system?
A
- scrotum
- penis
7
Q
give a brief overview of the male reproductive system?
A
- testes produce sperm + testosterone
- ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm
- accessory sex glands secrete most of liquid portion of semen
- penis contains urethra, passageway for ejaculation of semen + excretion of urine
8
Q
scrotum
A
- sac of loose skin, fascia + smooth muscle
- divided into 2 pushes by septum
- supports testes
- sperm needs temp of 2-3 degrees below body temp
9
Q
what is the cremaster muscle?
A
small skeletal muscle bands
descend as extension of spermatic cord to surround testes
10
Q
testes
A
- paired oval glands
- develop on embryos posterior wall and descend into scrotum - in 7th month
11
Q
what are the 2 important functions the testis performs?
A
- production of sperm
- secretion of steroid hormones
12
Q
describe the internal structure of the testis?
A
- divided into 250-300 lobules
- each lobule has 2-3 coil tubes
- at apex each lobule, tubules join + pass into straight tube
- together the tubli recti form - rete testis
13
Q
what does the outer smooth muscle of the testis do?
A
contract to move sperm + fluid through tubule
14
Q
what does the inner epithelial cell layer (Sertoli cells) of the testis do?
A
control formation and development of sperm
15
Q
what does the connective tissue in the testis do?
A
supports tubules and contains clusters of leydig cells
16
Q
what are leydig cells?
A
cells that help synthesis and secretion of testosterone and other androgens
17
Q
Sertoli cells extend …
A
from the basement membrane to lumen
18
Q
function of Sertoli cells
A
- form blood-testis barrier
- isolate developing gametes from blood
- prevent immune response against spermatogenic cells surface antigens
- release sperm into lumen
- support + protect developing spermatogenic cells
- secrete inhibin + regulate effects of testosterone and FSH
19
Q
spermatozoa structure
A
- head contains dna + acrosome with enzymes for penetrating egg
- middle contains mitochondria to = ATP for energy
- tail = flagellum used for locomotion
20
Q
in men, sex hormone production is …
A
constant
with some diurnal variation
21
Q
after birth leydig cells become …
A
quiescent until activated by gonadotropins during puberty
22
Q
hormonal control (male)
A
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- GnRH in hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels secrete FSH + LH in anterior pituitary
- LH secretes leydig cells —> testosterone
- FSH secretes Sertoli cells —> stimulates spermatogenesis + rel inhibin
23
Q
what are the effects of testosterone in males
A
- needed for initiation + maintenance of spermatogenesis
- dec GnRH secretion via action of hypothalamus
- inhibits LH secretion
- induces male secondary characteristics
- stimulates bone growth
- needed for sex drive
- stimulates erythropoietin secretion by kidneys
24
Q
what are the accessory sex glands in males
A
- prostate - secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid with antibiotic to kill bacteria
- seminal vesicle - secretes alkaline seminal fluid for sperm nutrition + function
- cowpers glands - secretes clear, alkaline mucus to buffer and lubricate urethra
25
what does the penis contain?
- urethra-root
- body
- glans penis
26
what is the penis a passage for?
semen + urine
27
the penis has 3 columns of erectile tissue
what are they?
- 2 dorsal columns = corpora cavernosa
| - one ventral column surrounding urethra, called corpus spongiosum
28
glans penis
- distal end of penis
| - covered by foreskin
29
what is the surgical removal of foreskin known as?
circumcision
30
what is semen?
- mixture of sperms and seminal fluid
- 60% from seminal vesicles, 30% from prostate
- slightly alkaline + milky
- has nutrients, clotting proteins + antibiotic to protect sperms
- actions of many sperm needed for one to enter
31
the pathway of the sperm
- travels from site of production
| - in testes to exterior sequence of ducts
32
what are the sequence of ducts through which the sperm will pass?
- rete testis
- efferent ductules
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- prostatic urethra
- penile urethra
33
what are the essential organs of the female reproductive system?
gonads (ovaries)
34
what are the ducts/modified ducts of the female reproductive system?
- uterine tubes (fallopian tubes/oviducts)
- oviducts
- uterus
- vagina
35
what are the external organs in the female reproductive system?
vulva
| pudendum
36
brief overview of the female reproductive system?
1. ovaries produce secondary oocytes, progesterone, oestrogen, inhibin + relaxin
2. uterine tube transports secondary oocytes to uterus + site of fertilisation
3. uterus = site of implantation of fertilised ovum, development of foetus + labour
4. vagina receive penis doing intercourse + = passageway for birth
5. mammary gland synthesis, secrete + eject milk for nourishment of new born
37
ovaries
- paired glands
- resemble large almonds
- attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus
38
the germinal epithelium covers the surface of the...
ovary
39
what is the tunica albuginea?
irregular connective tissue
40
what is the ovarian cortex?
connective tissue containing follicles surrounded by connective tissue that contains fibres + fibroblasts (stromal cells)
41
the mature (Graafian) follicle becomes ready to rupture and ..
expels secondary oocytes —> ovulation
42
post ovulation, the corpus luteum contains ...
remnants of mature follicle —> prod progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
- until degenerates into fibrous scar e.g. corpus albicans
43
what is oogenesis?
formation of gametes in the ovaries
germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary + become potential egg cells = oogonia
44
what is atresia?
degernation
45
how many divisions do oocytes go through?
2
primary, secondary
46
primary division
- results in 2 cells
- one large secondary oocyte
- one small 1st polar body that may divide itself
47
secondary division
- second division only happens if secondary oocyte = fertilised
48
what does oogenesis results in?
one large fertilised egg
3 small polar bodies
49
what are the oviducts (uterine/Fallopian tubes)?
narrow tube that extends from the ovary to uterus
50
structure of oviducts
- infundibulum = open, funnel shaped portion near ovary
- fimbriae = moving finger like processes —> move secondary oocyte into tube
- ampulla = central region
- isthmus = narrows area
- oocyte moved by cilia lining wall
51
the zygote reaches uterus in ...
7 days
52
what is the uterus subdivided into?
- fundus
- body
- cervix
interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical canal
53
what is the fundus?
dome shaped area above tubes
54
what is the uterus body?
tapering central portion
55
what is the cervix?
narrow opening into vagina
56
the uterine cavity is the ...
interior of body
57
what is the fornix in the vagina?
recess that surrounds cervix
58
what is the function of the smooth muscular layer in the vagina?
adjusts for intercourse/ birth
59
the thin membrane fold can cover vaginal orifice to = ...
hymen
60
what is the vulva?
collective term for female external genitalia
61
what is the labia minora/ labia majora?
skin folds that surround vaginal and urethral openings
62
what is the clitoris?
small erotic structure located at anterior end of folds of labia minora
63
define nipple?
pigmented projection with openings
64
the areola surrounds the ...
nipple
65
what is the function of the mammary gland?
- synthesis, secretion + ejection of milk
| - lactation associated with pregnancy and childbirth
66
what is the function of oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin and oxytocin in the physiology of the breast?
- oestrogen develops ducts system
- progesterone develops milk secreting glands called alveoli
- pro-active stimulates milk synthesis in alveoli
- oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from alveoli
67
oestrogen and progesterone are produced by the ...
ovaries
68
the production of oestrogen and progesterone during infancy and childhood is ...
low
69
the hormones are produced in higher level during pregnancy by the ...
placenta + inhibit ovulation
70
deficiency of oestrogen causes ...
hot flashes
71
what are the other effects of progesterone?
- converts oestrogen to actively secreting tissue for implantation of embryo
- induces thick, sticky cervical mucus
- dec contraction of fallopian tubes + myometrium
- dec proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells
- stimulates breast growth
- inhibits milk inducing effects of prolactin
- inc body temp
72
female reproductive system hormones
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- anterior pituitary rel FSH, LH
- stim ovaries to produce oestrogen + progesterone
73
what is the menstrual cycle?
regular changes in uterine lining, resulting in monthly bleeding
74
what is the menarche?
first menstrual period
75
LH triggers ovulation which causes ...
- follicular cells = corpus luteum —> secretes progesterone
- uterine lining thickens
- lining more vascular + glandular
76
menstrual period
day 1-5
small patches dead cells of uterine lining slough off —> leaving torn blood vessels
—> bleeding
77
proliferative phase
day 6-13
epithelial cells reproduce
repairing uterine lining
78
ovulation
day 14
ovum released from ovary + moves into uterine tube for possible fertilisation
79
secretory phase
day 15-28
uterine lining prepares for pregnancy by growing thicker, secreting + developing greater blood supply
on last day blood supply decreases greatly, causing some lining cells to die
80
FSH stimulates ...
granulose cells to secrete inhibin
81
LH stimulates ...
theca cells to release androgens (oestrogen)
