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PHA112 > The Reproductive System 1 > Flashcards

The Reproductive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is reproduction?

A

union of male and female gametes

each with half set of chromosomes to form new individual with full, unique set of chromosomes

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2
Q

humans have 22 pairs of …

A

somatic chromosomes

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3
Q

what are the organs involved in the male reproductive system?

A
  • testes
  • ducts
  • glands
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4
Q

what are the ducts involved in the male reproductive system?

A
  • epidydmis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • urethra
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5
Q

what are the glands involved in the reproductive system?

A
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate
  • bulbourethral glands
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6
Q

what are the supporting structures involved in the male reproductive system?

A
  • scrotum

- penis

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7
Q

give a brief overview of the male reproductive system?

A
  • testes produce sperm + testosterone
  • ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm
  • accessory sex glands secrete most of liquid portion of semen
  • penis contains urethra, passageway for ejaculation of semen + excretion of urine
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8
Q

scrotum

A
  • sac of loose skin, fascia + smooth muscle
  • divided into 2 pushes by septum
  • supports testes
  • sperm needs temp of 2-3 degrees below body temp
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9
Q

what is the cremaster muscle?

A

small skeletal muscle bands

descend as extension of spermatic cord to surround testes

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10
Q

testes

A
  • paired oval glands

- develop on embryos posterior wall and descend into scrotum - in 7th month

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11
Q

what are the 2 important functions the testis performs?

A
  • production of sperm

- secretion of steroid hormones

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12
Q

describe the internal structure of the testis?

A
  • divided into 250-300 lobules
  • each lobule has 2-3 coil tubes
  • at apex each lobule, tubules join + pass into straight tube
  • together the tubli recti form - rete testis
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13
Q

what does the outer smooth muscle of the testis do?

A

contract to move sperm + fluid through tubule

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14
Q

what does the inner epithelial cell layer (Sertoli cells) of the testis do?

A

control formation and development of sperm

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15
Q

what does the connective tissue in the testis do?

A

supports tubules and contains clusters of leydig cells

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16
Q

what are leydig cells?

A

cells that help synthesis and secretion of testosterone and other androgens

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17
Q

Sertoli cells extend …

A

from the basement membrane to lumen

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18
Q

function of Sertoli cells

A
  • form blood-testis barrier
  • isolate developing gametes from blood
  • prevent immune response against spermatogenic cells surface antigens
  • release sperm into lumen
  • support + protect developing spermatogenic cells
  • secrete inhibin + regulate effects of testosterone and FSH
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19
Q

spermatozoa structure

A
  • head contains dna + acrosome with enzymes for penetrating egg
  • middle contains mitochondria to = ATP for energy
  • tail = flagellum used for locomotion
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20
Q

in men, sex hormone production is …

A

constant

with some diurnal variation

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21
Q

after birth leydig cells become …

A

quiescent until activated by gonadotropins during puberty

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22
Q

hormonal control (male)

A
  • hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  • GnRH in hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels secrete FSH + LH in anterior pituitary
  • LH secretes leydig cells —> testosterone
  • FSH secretes Sertoli cells —> stimulates spermatogenesis + rel inhibin
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23
Q

what are the effects of testosterone in males

A
  • needed for initiation + maintenance of spermatogenesis
  • dec GnRH secretion via action of hypothalamus
  • inhibits LH secretion
  • induces male secondary characteristics
  • stimulates bone growth
  • needed for sex drive
  • stimulates erythropoietin secretion by kidneys
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24
Q

what are the accessory sex glands in males

A
  • prostate - secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid with antibiotic to kill bacteria
  • seminal vesicle - secretes alkaline seminal fluid for sperm nutrition + function
  • cowpers glands - secretes clear, alkaline mucus to buffer and lubricate urethra
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25
Q

what does the penis contain?

A
  • urethra-root
  • body
  • glans penis
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26
Q

what is the penis a passage for?

A

semen + urine

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27
Q

the penis has 3 columns of erectile tissue

what are they?

A
  • 2 dorsal columns = corpora cavernosa

- one ventral column surrounding urethra, called corpus spongiosum

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28
Q

glans penis

A
  • distal end of penis

- covered by foreskin

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29
Q

what is the surgical removal of foreskin known as?

A

circumcision

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30
Q

what is semen?

A
  • mixture of sperms and seminal fluid
  • 60% from seminal vesicles, 30% from prostate
  • slightly alkaline + milky
  • has nutrients, clotting proteins + antibiotic to protect sperms
  • actions of many sperm needed for one to enter
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31
Q

the pathway of the sperm

A
  • travels from site of production

- in testes to exterior sequence of ducts

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32
Q

what are the sequence of ducts through which the sperm will pass?

A
  • rete testis
  • efferent ductules
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • prostatic urethra
  • penile urethra
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33
Q

what are the essential organs of the female reproductive system?

A

gonads (ovaries)

34
Q

what are the ducts/modified ducts of the female reproductive system?

A
  • uterine tubes (fallopian tubes/oviducts)
  • oviducts
  • uterus
  • vagina
35
Q

what are the external organs in the female reproductive system?

A

vulva

pudendum

36
Q

brief overview of the female reproductive system?

A
  1. ovaries produce secondary oocytes, progesterone, oestrogen, inhibin + relaxin
  2. uterine tube transports secondary oocytes to uterus + site of fertilisation
  3. uterus = site of implantation of fertilised ovum, development of foetus + labour
  4. vagina receive penis doing intercourse + = passageway for birth
  5. mammary gland synthesis, secrete + eject milk for nourishment of new born
37
Q

ovaries

A
  • paired glands
  • resemble large almonds
  • attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity on each side of uterus
38
Q

the germinal epithelium covers the surface of the…

A

ovary

39
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

irregular connective tissue

40
Q

what is the ovarian cortex?

A

connective tissue containing follicles surrounded by connective tissue that contains fibres + fibroblasts (stromal cells)

41
Q

the mature (Graafian) follicle becomes ready to rupture and ..

A

expels secondary oocytes —> ovulation

42
Q

post ovulation, the corpus luteum contains …

A

remnants of mature follicle —> prod progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

  • until degenerates into fibrous scar e.g. corpus albicans
43
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of gametes in the ovaries

germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary + become potential egg cells = oogonia

44
Q

what is atresia?

A

degernation

45
Q

how many divisions do oocytes go through?

A

2

primary, secondary

46
Q

primary division

A
  • results in 2 cells
  • one large secondary oocyte
  • one small 1st polar body that may divide itself
47
Q

secondary division

A
  • second division only happens if secondary oocyte = fertilised
48
Q

what does oogenesis results in?

A

one large fertilised egg

3 small polar bodies

49
Q

what are the oviducts (uterine/Fallopian tubes)?

A

narrow tube that extends from the ovary to uterus

50
Q

structure of oviducts

A
  • infundibulum = open, funnel shaped portion near ovary
  • fimbriae = moving finger like processes —> move secondary oocyte into tube
  • ampulla = central region
  • isthmus = narrows area
  • oocyte moved by cilia lining wall
51
Q

the zygote reaches uterus in …

A

7 days

52
Q

what is the uterus subdivided into?

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix

interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical canal

53
Q

what is the fundus?

A

dome shaped area above tubes

54
Q

what is the uterus body?

A

tapering central portion

55
Q

what is the cervix?

A

narrow opening into vagina

56
Q

the uterine cavity is the …

A

interior of body

57
Q

what is the fornix in the vagina?

A

recess that surrounds cervix

58
Q

what is the function of the smooth muscular layer in the vagina?

A

adjusts for intercourse/ birth

59
Q

the thin membrane fold can cover vaginal orifice to = …

A

hymen

60
Q

what is the vulva?

A

collective term for female external genitalia

61
Q

what is the labia minora/ labia majora?

A

skin folds that surround vaginal and urethral openings

62
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

small erotic structure located at anterior end of folds of labia minora

63
Q

define nipple?

A

pigmented projection with openings

64
Q

the areola surrounds the …

A

nipple

65
Q

what is the function of the mammary gland?

A
  • synthesis, secretion + ejection of milk

- lactation associated with pregnancy and childbirth

66
Q

what is the function of oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin and oxytocin in the physiology of the breast?

A
  • oestrogen develops ducts system
  • progesterone develops milk secreting glands called alveoli
  • pro-active stimulates milk synthesis in alveoli
  • oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from alveoli
67
Q

oestrogen and progesterone are produced by the …

A

ovaries

68
Q

the production of oestrogen and progesterone during infancy and childhood is …

A

low

69
Q

the hormones are produced in higher level during pregnancy by the …

A

placenta + inhibit ovulation

70
Q

deficiency of oestrogen causes …

A

hot flashes

71
Q

what are the other effects of progesterone?

A
  • converts oestrogen to actively secreting tissue for implantation of embryo
  • induces thick, sticky cervical mucus
  • dec contraction of fallopian tubes + myometrium
  • dec proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells
  • stimulates breast growth
  • inhibits milk inducing effects of prolactin
  • inc body temp
72
Q

female reproductive system hormones

A
  • hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  • anterior pituitary rel FSH, LH
  • stim ovaries to produce oestrogen + progesterone
73
Q

what is the menstrual cycle?

A

regular changes in uterine lining, resulting in monthly bleeding

74
Q

what is the menarche?

A

first menstrual period

75
Q

LH triggers ovulation which causes …

A
  • follicular cells = corpus luteum —> secretes progesterone
  • uterine lining thickens
  • lining more vascular + glandular
76
Q

menstrual period

day 1-5

A

small patches dead cells of uterine lining slough off —> leaving torn blood vessels

—> bleeding

77
Q

proliferative phase

day 6-13

A

epithelial cells reproduce

repairing uterine lining

78
Q

ovulation

day 14

A

ovum released from ovary + moves into uterine tube for possible fertilisation

79
Q

secretory phase

day 15-28

A

uterine lining prepares for pregnancy by growing thicker, secreting + developing greater blood supply

on last day blood supply decreases greatly, causing some lining cells to die

80
Q

FSH stimulates …

A

granulose cells to secrete inhibin

81
Q

LH stimulates …

A

theca cells to release androgens (oestrogen)

PHA112 (37 decks)

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