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PHA112 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

the skeletal system is divided into 2 divisions

what are they?

A

axial skeleton
- skull, ribs, vertebra

appendicular skeleton
- pelvis, extremities

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2
Q

what are the functions of the bone?

A
  • support of body
  • protection of soft organs
  • movement due to attached muscles
  • storage of minerals + fats
  • blood cell formation
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3
Q

what are 2 basic types of bone tissue?

A

compact bone
- homogenous

spongey bone

  • small needle like pieces of bone
  • many open spaces
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4
Q

classification of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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5
Q

long bones

A

contain mostly compact bone

e.g. femur, humerus

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6
Q

short bones

A

generally cube shaped

contain mostly spongy bones
e.g. carpals, tarsals

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7
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin + flat
  • thin layers of compact bone around layer of spongy bone

e.g. skull, ribs, sternum

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

don’t fit into other bone classification categories

e.g. vertebrae + hip

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

composed of compact bone

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10
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of bone

composed of spongy bone

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11
Q

structure of long bone

periosteum

A
  • outside covering of diaphysis

- fibrous connective tissue membrane

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12
Q

structure of long bone

sharpeys fibres

A

secure periosteum to underlying bone

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13
Q

structure of long bone

arteries

A

supply bone cells with nutrients

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14
Q

structure of long bone

articular cartilage

A

covers external surface of epiphyses

made of hyaline cartilage

dec friction of joint surfaces

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15
Q

structure of long bone

medullary cavity

A
  • cavity of shaft
  • contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
  • contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
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16
Q

where do projections and processes grow out from?

A

bone surface

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17
Q

where do depressions / cavities arise from?

A

indentations

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18
Q

what are bone markings passages for?

A

nerves and blood vessels

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19
Q

what is the osteon?

A

unit of bone

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20
Q

what does the central canal do?

A

carried blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

what does the perforating canal do?

A

carries blood vessels and nerves

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22
Q

in embryos, the skeleton is …

A

primarily hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

where does the cartilage remain isolated?

A
  • bridge of nose
  • parts of ribs
  • joints
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24
Q

… plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood

A

epiphyseal

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25
Q

bones grow in …

A

width

26
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells

27
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

bone forming cells

28
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

bone destroying cells

break down bone matrix for remodelling + release of calcium

29
Q

bone remodelling is a process by both …

A

osteoblasts + osteoclasts

30
Q

bone resorption

A

action of osteoclasts + parathyroid hormone (PTH)

31
Q

bone deposition

A

action of osteoblasts + calcitonin

32
Q

homeostasis in bones occurs by …

A

direction of thyroid + parathyroid glands

33
Q

what does a deficiency of vitamin A cause

A

retards bone development

34
Q

what does a deficiency of vitamin C cause

A

results in fragile bones

35
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin D cause

A

rickets, osteomalacia

36
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

activate osteoclasts + resorption of bone

37
Q

the skull

A

2 sets of bones

  • cranium
  • facial bones

only mandible attached by freely movable joint

38
Q

what is the paranasal sinuses?

A

hollow portions of bones surrounding nasal cavity

39
Q

function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • lightens skull

- gives resonance + amplification to voice

40
Q

the hyoid bone

A

serves as moveable base for tongue

41
Q

the foetal skull is …. compared to the infants total body

A

large

42
Q

what are fontanelles and what do they do?

A

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones

  • allows brain to grow
  • convert to bone within 24 months after birth
43
Q

the vertebral column

A
  • vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

- spine has normal curvature

44
Q

how can abnormal spinal curvatures arise?

A
  • diseases
  • paralysis of trunk muscles
  • poor posture
  • pregnancy
  • congenital defect
45
Q

what is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

46
Q

what is kyphosis (hunchback)

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature

usually from osteoporosis
or weight lifting at young age

47
Q

what is lordosis (swayback)

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature

from pregnancy/ obesity

48
Q

the bony thorax forms…

A

a cage to protect major organs

49
Q

what is the bony thorax made of?

A
  • sternum
  • ribs
  • thoracic vertebrae
50
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton involve?

A
  • limbs
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
51
Q

the pectoral (shoulder) girdle is composed of 2 bones

what are they?

A
  • clavicle - collarbone
  • scapula - shoulder blade

allow upper limb to have free movement

52
Q

the arm is formed by a single bond which is the …

A

humerus

53
Q

what 2 bones does the forearm have?

A
  • ulna

- radius

54
Q

bones of the hand

A
  • carpals - wrist
  • metacarpals - palm
  • phalanges - fingers
55
Q

what 3 fused bones are hip bones composed of?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubic bone
56
Q

what do the bones of the pelvic girdle protect?

A
  • reproductive organs
  • urinary bladder
  • part of the large intestine
57
Q

features of the female pelvis?

A
  • Iliac bones more flared
  • broader hips
  • pubic arch = greater
  • lighter bones
  • sacral curvature = shorter + flatter
  • more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities
58
Q

the thigh has one bone, which is…

A

femur - thigh bone

59
Q

what 2 bones does the leg have?

A
  • tibia

- fibula

60
Q

bones of the foot

A
  • tarsus
  • metatarsals - sole
  • phalanges - toes
61
Q

bones of the foot are arranges to form 3 strong arches, what are they?

A
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
  • lateral longitudinal arch

PHA112 (37 decks)

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