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CNS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamus involved in?

A

homeostatic control

by exerting control on pituitary gland

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • temperature
  • libido
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4
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • fighting
  • fleeing
  • feeding
  • sex
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5
Q

the hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the..

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

small pea sized gland of the endocrine system

hangs from hypothalamus

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7
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • GH (growth hormone)
  • THS (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
  • prolactin
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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8
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • ADH (aka vasopressin)

- oxytocin

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9
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

small endocrine gland in vertebrate brain

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10
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

makes melatonin

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11
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

near epithalamus near centre of brain

between 2 cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

where is NA a neurotransmitter?

A

PNS, CNS

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13
Q

what is the reticular formation composed of?

A

set of interconnected nuclei distributed throughout brainstem + into diencephalon

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14
Q

where is NA produced?

A

NA-ergic neurones

process starts with amino acid precursor of NA (tyrosine)

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15
Q

tyrosine is transported into the nervous system from the..

A

blood

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16
Q

once tyrosine is inside the neurone, it undergoes transformation by the action of 3 enzymes in what sequence?

A
  • tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into DOPA
  • DOPA decarboxylase converts DOPA into dopamine
  • dopamine beta hydroxylase converts DA into NA
  • phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase converts NA into adrenaline
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17
Q

which enzyme isn’t present in noradrenergic neurones?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

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18
Q

NA and catecholamines are removed from the synapse by what?

A

amine pump on surface of presynaptic terminal

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19
Q

what is NA taken back and stored in vesicles / metabolised by?

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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20
Q

the MAO form of uptake of NA is blocked by …

A
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines
  • tricyclic antidepressants
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21
Q

progesterone increases..

A

MAO

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22
Q

estrogen inhibits…

A

MAO

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23
Q

the NA that diffuses away from the receptors is subjected to…. into the surrounding tissues and metabolised by…

A

extra-neuronal uptake

catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)

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24
Q

what are the predominant alpha receptors?

where are they found and what are their effects?

A
  • a1-adrenoreceptor
  • smooth muscle, heart, liver
  • vasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contractions + pupillary dilation
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25
what are alpha1 receptors linked to?
Gq proteins activate smooth muscle contraction through IP3 signalling
26
where are alpha2-adrenoreceptors found what are their effects?
platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini, pancreatic islets platelet aggregation vasoconstriction inhibition of NE + insulin release
27
what are alpha2 receptors linked to?
Gi proteins binding of alpha-agonist decreases intracellular cAMP—> smooth muscle contraction
28
what are selective alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists used for?
treatment of hypertension
29
where are beta1-adrenoreceptors found and what are their effects?
myocardium cause lipolysis + cardiac stimulation inc intracellular cAMP
30
what are beta1-adrenoreceptors coupled to?
Gs proteins
31
where are beta2-adrenoreceptors found and what are their effects?
- lungs - GI tract - vascular smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - liver - uterus beta 2 agonists cause: bronchodilation vasodilation stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity -> relaxes smooth muscles
32
what are beta2-adrenoreceptors coupled to?
Gs proteins
33
where are beta3-adrenoreceptors located, what are they coupled to and what are their effects?
adipose tissue metabolism of lipids Gs proteins
34
what is NE mostly used to treat?
low bp
35
what are beta blockers used to treat?
- glaucoma - migraine - cardiovascular problems
36
what are alpha1 blockers used to treat?
- high bp - anxiety - PTSD
37
what are alpha2 agonists used to treat?
have a sedating effect
38
what are the functions of NA?
1. mood - deficiency of NA -> depression 2. arousal - inc rel of NA -> wakefulness + alertness 3. bp regulation - NA synapses form part of baroreceptor reflex pathway that regulates bp
39
clonidine and methyldopa are hypotensive what does this mean?
cause hypotension when injected into medulla / 4th ventricle
40
dopamine is a neurotransmitter that ...
plays role in pleasure, motivation, learning, memory, behaviour + movement coordination
41
DA is the major neurotransmitter of which 4 systems?
- mesolimbic - mesocortical - nigrostriatal - tuberoinfundibulnar
42
nigrostriatal pathways
transmits DA from substantia nigra pars compacts to dorsal striatum
43
mesolimbic pathways
transmits DA from VTA (in midbrain) to ventral striatum
44
mesocortical pathways
transmits DA from VTA to prefrtonal cortex
45
tuberoinfundibulnar pathways
transmits DA from infundibular nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary gland
46
what is DA metabolised by?
MAO and COMT
47
what are DA receptors members of?
G protein coupled receptors
48
what are the 5 subtypes of DA receptors
- D1-like | - D2-like
49
D1-like
D1 and D5 - coupled to G protein Gs-alpha - activates adenylyl cyclase -> inc cAMP
50
D2-like
D2, D3 and D4 - coupled to protein Gi-alpha - directly inhibits cAMP form by inhibiting adenelyl cyclase
51
what are the functions of dopamine?
1. motor activity - deficiency —> Parkinson's disease 2. behavioural effects 3. APG function: da inhibits prolactin 4. vomiting - caused by da agonists
52
what are the 4 major diseases associated with dopamine?
- parkinsonism - schizophrenia - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - drug abuse + addiction
53
5-HT containing neurones in the brainstem are known as what?
raphe nuclei
54
the precursor in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT) is ….. NOT tyrosine
tryptophan
55
5-HT is formed from dietary tryptophan, which is converted to ….. by ….
hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase
56
what do tricyclic anti-depressants do?
inhibit catecholamines which then blocks neuronal uptake mechanisms of 5-HT
57
what are SSRIs?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | constitute an imp group of anti-depressants + anxiolytics
58
what is 5-HT degraded by? and how?
MAO 5-HT -> 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde dehydrogenated to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid excreted in urine
59
give the type, mechanism, and potential of the 5-HT3 receptor?
ligand gated Na+ + K+ cation channel depolarising plasma membrane excitatory
60
what are the functions of serotonin?
1. mood - improves depressive states 2. sensory transmission - inhibits pain impulse transmissions in spinal cord + brain 3. temperature control 4. APG function: influences release of gonadotrophins 5. vomiting - 5-HT3 blocker used as anti-emetic
61
the site of greatest ACh synthesis in the brain is...
interpeduncular nucleus
62
what 2 precursors is ACh formed from?
- choline (comes from dietary + intraneuronal sources) | - acetyl coenzyme (made from glucose in mitochondria of neurones)
63
what enzyme is ACh synthesised from?
choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) is a selective marker for cholinergic neurones
64
what are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)?
- muscarinic receptors - nicotinic receptors both occur in CNS
65
muscarinic receptors
- found at NMJ of cardiac + smooth muscle - glands - post-ganglionic neurones of sympathetic nervous system
66
what is muscarine?
toxin produced by mushrooms is AGONIST
67
what is atropine
antagonist
68
nicotinic receptors
- found at NMJ of skeletal muscles | - on post-ganglionic neurones of parasympathetic nervous system
69
what is nicotine?
agonist
70
what is curare?
antagonist | paralyses skeletal muscles
71
what are the 5 distinct subtypes of mACHRs?
- m2 + m4 : couple with Gi/Go (reduce intracellular cAMP) | - m1, m3 and m5 : couple with Gq / G11 (inc ca2+ via phospholipase C activation)
72
what are the functions of ACh?
1. arousal 2. learning 3. short term memory 4. motor control
73
loss of cholinergic neurones in the hippocampus is related to what?
Alzheimers disease
74
hyperactivity of cholinergic neurones in the corpus striatum leads to...
Parkinson's disease

PHA112 (37 decks)

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