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PHA112 > CNS 3 > Flashcards

CNS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus

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2
Q

what is the hypothalamus involved in?

A

homeostatic control

by exerting control on pituitary gland

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • temperature
  • libido
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4
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  • fighting
  • fleeing
  • feeding
  • sex
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5
Q

the hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the..

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

small pea sized gland of the endocrine system

hangs from hypothalamus

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7
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • GH (growth hormone)
  • THS (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
  • prolactin
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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8
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A
  • ADH (aka vasopressin)

- oxytocin

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9
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

small endocrine gland in vertebrate brain

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10
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

makes melatonin

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11
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

near epithalamus near centre of brain

between 2 cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

where is NA a neurotransmitter?

A

PNS, CNS

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13
Q

what is the reticular formation composed of?

A

set of interconnected nuclei distributed throughout brainstem + into diencephalon

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14
Q

where is NA produced?

A

NA-ergic neurones

process starts with amino acid precursor of NA (tyrosine)

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15
Q

tyrosine is transported into the nervous system from the..

A

blood

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16
Q

once tyrosine is inside the neurone, it undergoes transformation by the action of 3 enzymes in what sequence?

A
  • tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine into DOPA
  • DOPA decarboxylase converts DOPA into dopamine
  • dopamine beta hydroxylase converts DA into NA
  • phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase converts NA into adrenaline
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17
Q

which enzyme isn’t present in noradrenergic neurones?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

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18
Q

NA and catecholamines are removed from the synapse by what?

A

amine pump on surface of presynaptic terminal

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19
Q

what is NA taken back and stored in vesicles / metabolised by?

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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20
Q

the MAO form of uptake of NA is blocked by …

A
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines
  • tricyclic antidepressants
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21
Q

progesterone increases..

A

MAO

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22
Q

estrogen inhibits…

A

MAO

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23
Q

the NA that diffuses away from the receptors is subjected to…. into the surrounding tissues and metabolised by…

A

extra-neuronal uptake

catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)

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24
Q

what are the predominant alpha receptors?

where are they found and what are their effects?

A
  • a1-adrenoreceptor
  • smooth muscle, heart, liver
  • vasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contractions + pupillary dilation
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25
Q

what are alpha1 receptors linked to?

A

Gq proteins

activate smooth muscle contraction through IP3 signalling

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26
Q

where are alpha2-adrenoreceptors found

what are their effects?

A

platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini, pancreatic islets

platelet aggregation
vasoconstriction
inhibition of NE + insulin release

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27
Q

what are alpha2 receptors linked to?

A

Gi proteins

binding of alpha-agonist decreases intracellular cAMP—> smooth muscle contraction

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28
Q

what are selective alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists used for?

A

treatment of hypertension

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29
Q

where are beta1-adrenoreceptors found and what are their effects?

A

myocardium

cause lipolysis + cardiac stimulation

inc intracellular cAMP

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30
Q

what are beta1-adrenoreceptors coupled to?

A

Gs proteins

31
Q

where are beta2-adrenoreceptors found and what are their effects?

A
  • lungs
  • GI tract
  • vascular smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • liver
  • uterus

beta 2 agonists cause: bronchodilation
vasodilation
stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity -> relaxes smooth muscles

32
Q

what are beta2-adrenoreceptors coupled to?

A

Gs proteins

33
Q

where are beta3-adrenoreceptors located, what are they coupled to and what are their effects?

A

adipose tissue

metabolism of lipids

Gs proteins

34
Q

what is NE mostly used to treat?

A

low bp

35
Q

what are beta blockers used to treat?

A
  • glaucoma
  • migraine
  • cardiovascular problems
36
Q

what are alpha1 blockers used to treat?

A
  • high bp
  • anxiety
  • PTSD
37
Q

what are alpha2 agonists used to treat?

A

have a sedating effect

38
Q

what are the functions of NA?

A
  1. mood - deficiency of NA -> depression
  2. arousal - inc rel of NA -> wakefulness + alertness
  3. bp regulation - NA synapses form part of baroreceptor reflex pathway that regulates bp
39
Q

clonidine and methyldopa are hypotensive

what does this mean?

A

cause hypotension when injected into medulla / 4th ventricle

40
Q

dopamine is a neurotransmitter that …

A

plays role in pleasure, motivation, learning, memory, behaviour + movement coordination

41
Q

DA is the major neurotransmitter of which 4 systems?

A
  • mesolimbic
  • mesocortical
  • nigrostriatal
  • tuberoinfundibulnar
42
Q

nigrostriatal pathways

A

transmits DA from substantia nigra pars compacts to dorsal striatum

43
Q

mesolimbic pathways

A

transmits DA from VTA (in midbrain) to ventral striatum

44
Q

mesocortical pathways

A

transmits DA from VTA to prefrtonal cortex

45
Q

tuberoinfundibulnar pathways

A

transmits DA from infundibular nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary gland

46
Q

what is DA metabolised by?

A

MAO and COMT

47
Q

what are DA receptors members of?

A

G protein coupled receptors

48
Q

what are the 5 subtypes of DA receptors

A
  • D1-like

- D2-like

49
Q

D1-like

A

D1 and D5

  • coupled to G protein Gs-alpha
  • activates adenylyl cyclase -> inc cAMP
50
Q

D2-like

A

D2, D3 and D4

  • coupled to protein Gi-alpha
  • directly inhibits cAMP form by inhibiting adenelyl cyclase
51
Q

what are the functions of dopamine?

A
  1. motor activity - deficiency —> Parkinson’s disease
  2. behavioural effects
  3. APG function: da inhibits prolactin
  4. vomiting - caused by da agonists
52
Q

what are the 4 major diseases associated with dopamine?

A
  • parkinsonism
  • schizophrenia
  • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • drug abuse + addiction
53
Q

5-HT containing neurones in the brainstem are known as what?

A

raphe nuclei

54
Q

the precursor in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HT) is ….. NOT tyrosine

A

tryptophan

55
Q

5-HT is formed from dietary tryptophan, which is converted to ….. by ….

A

hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase

56
Q

what do tricyclic anti-depressants do?

A

inhibit catecholamines

which then blocks neuronal uptake mechanisms of 5-HT

57
Q

what are SSRIs?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

constitute an imp group of anti-depressants + anxiolytics

58
Q

what is 5-HT degraded by? and how?

A

MAO

5-HT -> 5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde

dehydrogenated to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid

excreted in urine

59
Q

give the type, mechanism, and potential of the 5-HT3 receptor?

A

ligand gated Na+ + K+ cation channel

depolarising plasma membrane

excitatory

60
Q

what are the functions of serotonin?

A
  1. mood - improves depressive states
  2. sensory transmission - inhibits pain impulse transmissions in spinal cord + brain
  3. temperature control
  4. APG function: influences release of gonadotrophins
  5. vomiting - 5-HT3 blocker used as anti-emetic
61
Q

the site of greatest ACh synthesis in the brain is…

A

interpeduncular nucleus

62
Q

what 2 precursors is ACh formed from?

A
  • choline (comes from dietary + intraneuronal sources)

- acetyl coenzyme (made from glucose in mitochondria of neurones)

63
Q

what enzyme is ACh synthesised from?

A

choline acetyl transferase (ChAT)

is a selective marker for cholinergic neurones

64
Q

what are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)?

A
  • muscarinic receptors
  • nicotinic receptors

both occur in CNS

65
Q

muscarinic receptors

A
  • found at NMJ of cardiac + smooth muscle
  • glands
  • post-ganglionic neurones of sympathetic nervous system
66
Q

what is muscarine?

A

toxin produced by mushrooms

is AGONIST

67
Q

what is atropine

A

antagonist

68
Q

nicotinic receptors

A
  • found at NMJ of skeletal muscles

- on post-ganglionic neurones of parasympathetic nervous system

69
Q

what is nicotine?

A

agonist

70
Q

what is curare?

A

antagonist

paralyses skeletal muscles

71
Q

what are the 5 distinct subtypes of mACHRs?

A
  • m2 + m4 : couple with Gi/Go (reduce intracellular cAMP)

- m1, m3 and m5 : couple with Gq / G11 (inc ca2+ via phospholipase C activation)

72
Q

what are the functions of ACh?

A
  1. arousal
  2. learning
  3. short term memory
  4. motor control
73
Q

loss of cholinergic neurones in the hippocampus is related to what?

A

Alzheimers disease

74
Q

hyperactivity of cholinergic neurones in the corpus striatum leads to…

A

Parkinson’s disease

PHA112 (37 decks)

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