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PHA112 > Microbiology 10 > Flashcards

Microbiology 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

lymphatic organs

  • primary (bone marrow, thymus)
  • secondary (lymph nodes, spleen)

lymphatic vessels

lymph (protein rich fluid from plasma)

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2
Q

why is the vascular system important in the immune system?

A
  • carried lymph fluid towards heart via lymph nodes
  • filters bacteria at lymph nodes
  • site of some immune response
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3
Q

the lymphatic system is not a …. system

A

closed

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4
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

generation of blood cells

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5
Q

where does haematopoiesis happen?

A

bone marrow

in hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q

T cells mature in the ..

A

thymus

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7
Q

…. have a role in determining cell type

A

cytokines

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8
Q

innate immune system

A

‘older’ in evolutionary terms compared to adaptive immune system

present in all multi cellular organisms

recognises lipids + carbs
defence against any pathogen

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9
Q

adaptive immune system

A

evolved

driven against specific pathogens + adapts over time

recognises protein conformations/peptides

has memory

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10
Q

what is the first line of immunity?

A

innate/natural immunity

  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes
  • normal microbiota
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11
Q

what is the second line of immunity?

A

innate/natural immunity

  • NK and phagocytic WBCs
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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12
Q

what is the third line of immunity?

A

adaptive/acquired immunity

specialised lymphocytes
T and B cells

antibodies

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13
Q

…. cells act as a barrier to prevent the passage of pathogens

A

epidermal

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14
Q

what can pathogens do to the skin?

A

circumvent/ colonise

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15
Q

the skin works in combination with other factors

give an eg?

A

production of sebum

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16
Q

what 2 layers does the skin possess?

A
  • epidermidis

- dermis

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17
Q

what is the human microbiota?

A

ecological community of commensal, symbiotic + pathogenic microorganisms

inc:

  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • archaea
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18
Q

microbiota exist for different human anatomical areas

give eg of these?

A
  • skin
  • gut
  • conjunctiva
  • urethra + bladder
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19
Q

composition of microbiota is said to be important in infectious diseases

give eg of these?

A
  • bacterial metabolites influence host signalling pathways
  • type 1 diabetes
  • asthma
  • cancer
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20
Q

what are the 3 major events to inflammatory response?

A
  • vasodilation
  • capillary permeability increase
  • phagocyte influx
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21
Q

one of the principle mediators of the inflammatory response is…

A

histamine

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22
Q

what are the physiological barriers that contribute to innate immunity?

A
  • temp
  • pH (most pathogens grow best at 7)
  • various soluble + cell associated molecules
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23
Q

lysozymes cleave the …

A

peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls

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24
Q

interferons are produced by …

A

virus infected cells

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25
Q

the complement system straddles …

A

both innate and adaptive immune systems

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26
Q

what 3 paths is the complement system activated by?

A
  • classical (antigen/antibody)
  • lectin (MBL binding to pathogen)
  • alternative (spontaneous)
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27
Q

activation of the complement system can lead to…

A
  • cell lysis
  • opsonisation
  • immune clearance
  • binding specific receptors on immune cells
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28
Q

what are the classifications of receptors expressed mainly by the cells of the innate system?

A
  • membrane bound (e.g. TLRs/CLRs)

- cytoplasmic (NRLs)

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29
Q

what are the 2 classes of molecules in pattern recognition receptors?

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

- damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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30
Q

PAMPs

A
  • associated with microbial pathogens
  • LPS recognised by TLR4
  • peptidoglycan recognised by TLR2
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31
Q

DAMPs

A
  • associated with host cell components as a result of damage/death
  • damaged RNA from UV-B exposed keratinocytes activates TLR3 on intact keratinocytes
32
Q

what pathogen type are TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6?

A

gram positive bacteria

e.g. s aureus/ fungi

33
Q

what pathogen type is TLR4?

A

gram neg e.g. e coli

34
Q

what pathogen type is TLR5?

A

bacteria

flagellum

35
Q

what pathogen type is TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8?

A

virus

36
Q

what pathogen type is TLR9?

A

bacteria

dna

37
Q

what pathogen type is Nod1 and Nod2?

A

gram pos/neg

38
Q

give e.g. of WBC?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil (mast cells)
  • lymphocyte
  • monocyte
39
Q

what are mast cells?

A

type of granulocyte that resides in tissue

40
Q

basophil is the … equivalent

A

blood

41
Q

what do the granules of mast cells contain?

and what does this make it?

A

histamine + heparin

most inflammatory cell in body

also major target for anti inflammatory drugs

42
Q

eosinophils

A

combat multicellular parasites + certain infections

has role in allergy + asthma

not overly phagocytic

functions by releasing basic + cationic proteins (superoxide, peroxide, hypobromite)

43
Q

what are NK cells?

A

type of cytotoxic lymphocyte

function by binding to cells + releasing cytotoxic granules

44
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

type of phagocytic granulocyte

45
Q

neutrophils attracted by?

A

cytokines

they = among 1st responders to inflammation

46
Q

what are the predominant cells in pus?

A

neutrophils

47
Q

what are the 3 ways neutrophils can directly attack microorganisms?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • degranulation
  • generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
48
Q

what 2 cells do phagocytes consist of?

A

neutrophils + macrophages

49
Q

what do phagocyte contain that can kill compounds?

A

peroxidase
acid
alkali phosphatases

50
Q

what are cytokines?

A

broad + loose category of small proteins

imp in cell signalling

immunodomulating

can be produced by multiple classes of cells —> mainly helper T cells + macrophages

51
Q

what are the 4 main characteristics that adaptive immunity displays?

A
  • antigenic specificity
  • diversity
  • immunologic memory
  • self/non self recognition
52
Q

what does adaptive immunity rely on?

A

t cells

B cells

53
Q

receptors have to recognise and differentiate between different antigen ….

A

epitopes

54
Q

what is V(D)J recombination?

A
  • happens in lymphoid organs during early stages of T + B cell development
  • combines gene segments to form single gene
  • limited number of cells produced
55
Q

immunological diversity + clonal selection

A
  • differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells
  • immature lymphocytes produced each with different antigen receptors
  • immature lymphocytes exposed to self antigens
  • maturation into inactive lymphocytes
  • exposure to foreign antigens activate lymphocyte
  • activated lymphocyte then produces clones of itself
56
Q

where do T cells arise?

A

bone marrow

57
Q

what are the 2 major TCRs on T cells?

A

cd4 (t helper cells)

cd8 ( cytotoxic T cells)

58
Q

what are the 2 main classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)?

A
  • class I - expressed by all nucleated cells
  • present Tc cells
  • class II - expressed by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages)
  • present Th helper cells
59
Q

what are dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenters

60
Q

activation of B cells happens in…

A

secondary lymph organs

61
Q

antibodies are known as …

A

immunoglobulin glycoproteins

62
Q

the …. region recognises the antigen

A

variable

63
Q

what are the 4 different ways antibodies work?

A
  • neutralise
  • agglutinate
  • precipitate
  • activate complement
64
Q

what are the multiple selection processes that T cells undergo?

A

positive selection
- removes cells which bind too weakly to self antigen (most cells removed here)

negative selection
- removes cells which bind too strongly to self antigens

65
Q

what are the types of hypersensitivities (allergies)?

A

type I - most common type mediated by IgE antibodies

66
Q

what are the minor systems of allergies?

A
  • sneezing
  • runny/blocked nose
  • red, itchy, watery eyes
  • wheezing + coughing
  • red, itchy rash
  • worsening of asthma or eczema symptoms
67
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

biological preparation which provides active acquired immunity to particular disease

68
Q

what are the 4 main types of vaccines?

A
  • live-attenuated vaccines (MMR)
  • inactivated vaccines (Hep A
  • subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide + conjugate vaccines (HPV)
  • toxoid vaccines (tetanus)
69
Q

what does herd immunity only work on?

A

diseases which spread between people

70
Q

what is the herd immunity threshold?

A

proportion of immune individuals within a population that can prevent a particular disease

71
Q

what is immunodeficiency?

A

state which the immune systems ability is compromised / absent entirely

72
Q

what are the 2 types of immunodeficiency disorders?

A

primary

  • rare genetic conditions (SCIDs)
  • broken down by cell type

secondary

  • more common
  • acquired
  • some diseases can cause AIDs
73
Q

what is immunosuppression?

A

reduction of activation/ efficacy of immune system

74
Q

what does cyclosporin A (immunosuppressant) do?

A
  • block T cell activation, IL-2 production

- less effective on activated cells

75
Q

what do steroids do (immunosuppressants) do?

A
  • anti-inflammatory (block gamma IFN)

- suppress activated macrophages

PHA112 (37 decks)

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