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PHA112 > Microbiology 10 > Flashcards

Microbiology 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

lymphatic organs

  • primary (bone marrow, thymus)
  • secondary (lymph nodes, spleen)

lymphatic vessels

lymph (protein rich fluid from plasma)

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2
Q

why is the vascular system important in the immune system?

A
  • carried lymph fluid towards heart via lymph nodes
  • filters bacteria at lymph nodes
  • site of some immune response
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3
Q

the lymphatic system is not a …. system

A

closed

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4
Q

what is haematopoiesis?

A

generation of blood cells

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5
Q

where does haematopoiesis happen?

A

bone marrow

in hematopoietic stem cells

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6
Q

T cells mature in the ..

A

thymus

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7
Q

…. have a role in determining cell type

A

cytokines

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8
Q

innate immune system

A

‘older’ in evolutionary terms compared to adaptive immune system

present in all multi cellular organisms

recognises lipids + carbs
defence against any pathogen

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9
Q

adaptive immune system

A

evolved

driven against specific pathogens + adapts over time

recognises protein conformations/peptides

has memory

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10
Q

what is the first line of immunity?

A

innate/natural immunity

  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes
  • normal microbiota
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11
Q

what is the second line of immunity?

A

innate/natural immunity

  • NK and phagocytic WBCs
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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12
Q

what is the third line of immunity?

A

adaptive/acquired immunity

specialised lymphocytes
T and B cells

antibodies

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13
Q

…. cells act as a barrier to prevent the passage of pathogens

A

epidermal

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14
Q

what can pathogens do to the skin?

A

circumvent/ colonise

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15
Q

the skin works in combination with other factors

give an eg?

A

production of sebum

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16
Q

what 2 layers does the skin possess?

A
  • epidermidis

- dermis

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17
Q

what is the human microbiota?

A

ecological community of commensal, symbiotic + pathogenic microorganisms

inc:

  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • archaea
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18
Q

microbiota exist for different human anatomical areas

give eg of these?

A
  • skin
  • gut
  • conjunctiva
  • urethra + bladder
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19
Q

composition of microbiota is said to be important in infectious diseases

give eg of these?

A
  • bacterial metabolites influence host signalling pathways
  • type 1 diabetes
  • asthma
  • cancer
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20
Q

what are the 3 major events to inflammatory response?

A
  • vasodilation
  • capillary permeability increase
  • phagocyte influx
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21
Q

one of the principle mediators of the inflammatory response is…

A

histamine

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22
Q

what are the physiological barriers that contribute to innate immunity?

A
  • temp
  • pH (most pathogens grow best at 7)
  • various soluble + cell associated molecules
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23
Q

lysozymes cleave the …

A

peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls

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24
Q

interferons are produced by …

A

virus infected cells

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25
the complement system straddles ...
both innate and adaptive immune systems
26
what 3 paths is the complement system activated by?
- classical (antigen/antibody) - lectin (MBL binding to pathogen) - alternative (spontaneous)
27
activation of the complement system can lead to...
- cell lysis - opsonisation - immune clearance - binding specific receptors on immune cells
28
what are the classifications of receptors expressed mainly by the cells of the innate system?
- membrane bound (e.g. TLRs/CLRs) | - cytoplasmic (NRLs)
29
what are the 2 classes of molecules in pattern recognition receptors?
- pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) | - damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
30
PAMPs
- associated with microbial pathogens - LPS recognised by TLR4 - peptidoglycan recognised by TLR2
31
DAMPs
- associated with host cell components as a result of damage/death - damaged RNA from UV-B exposed keratinocytes activates TLR3 on intact keratinocytes
32
what pathogen type are TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6?
gram positive bacteria e.g. s aureus/ fungi
33
what pathogen type is TLR4?
gram neg e.g. e coli
34
what pathogen type is TLR5?
bacteria | flagellum
35
what pathogen type is TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8?
virus
36
what pathogen type is TLR9?
bacteria | dna
37
what pathogen type is Nod1 and Nod2?
gram pos/neg
38
give e.g. of WBC?
- neutrophil - eosinophil - basophil (mast cells) - lymphocyte - monocyte
39
what are mast cells?
type of granulocyte that resides in tissue
40
basophil is the … equivalent
blood
41
what do the granules of mast cells contain? and what does this make it?
histamine + heparin most inflammatory cell in body also major target for anti inflammatory drugs
42
eosinophils
combat multicellular parasites + certain infections has role in allergy + asthma not overly phagocytic functions by releasing basic + cationic proteins (superoxide, peroxide, hypobromite)
43
what are NK cells?
type of cytotoxic lymphocyte function by binding to cells + releasing cytotoxic granules
44
what are neutrophils?
type of phagocytic granulocyte
45
neutrophils attracted by?
cytokines they = among 1st responders to inflammation
46
what are the predominant cells in pus?
neutrophils
47
what are the 3 ways neutrophils can directly attack microorganisms?
- phagocytosis - degranulation - generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
48
what 2 cells do phagocytes consist of?
neutrophils + macrophages
49
what do phagocyte contain that can kill compounds?
peroxidase acid alkali phosphatases
50
what are cytokines?
broad + loose category of small proteins imp in cell signalling immunodomulating can be produced by multiple classes of cells —> mainly helper T cells + macrophages
51
what are the 4 main characteristics that adaptive immunity displays?
- antigenic specificity - diversity - immunologic memory - self/non self recognition
52
what does adaptive immunity rely on?
t cells | B cells
53
receptors have to recognise and differentiate between different antigen ….
epitopes
54
what is V(D)J recombination?
- happens in lymphoid organs during early stages of T + B cell development - combines gene segments to form single gene - limited number of cells produced
55
immunological diversity + clonal selection
- differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells - immature lymphocytes produced each with different antigen receptors - immature lymphocytes exposed to self antigens - maturation into inactive lymphocytes - exposure to foreign antigens activate lymphocyte - activated lymphocyte then produces clones of itself
56
where do T cells arise?
bone marrow
57
what are the 2 major TCRs on T cells?
cd4 (t helper cells) | cd8 ( cytotoxic T cells)
58
what are the 2 main classes of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)?
- class I - expressed by all nucleated cells - present Tc cells - class II - expressed by antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) - present Th helper cells
59
what are dendritic cells?
antigen presenters
60
activation of B cells happens in...
secondary lymph organs
61
antibodies are known as ...
immunoglobulin glycoproteins
62
the …. region recognises the antigen
variable
63
what are the 4 different ways antibodies work?
- neutralise - agglutinate - precipitate - activate complement
64
what are the multiple selection processes that T cells undergo?
positive selection - removes cells which bind too weakly to self antigen (most cells removed here) negative selection - removes cells which bind too strongly to self antigens
65
what are the types of hypersensitivities (allergies)?
type I - most common type mediated by IgE antibodies
66
what are the minor systems of allergies?
- sneezing - runny/blocked nose - red, itchy, watery eyes - wheezing + coughing - red, itchy rash - worsening of asthma or eczema symptoms
67
what is a vaccine?
biological preparation which provides active acquired immunity to particular disease
68
what are the 4 main types of vaccines?
- live-attenuated vaccines (MMR) - inactivated vaccines (Hep A - subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide + conjugate vaccines (HPV) - toxoid vaccines (tetanus)
69
what does herd immunity only work on?
diseases which spread between people
70
what is the herd immunity threshold?
proportion of immune individuals within a population that can prevent a particular disease
71
what is immunodeficiency?
state which the immune systems ability is compromised / absent entirely
72
what are the 2 types of immunodeficiency disorders?
primary - rare genetic conditions (SCIDs) - broken down by cell type secondary - more common - acquired - some diseases can cause AIDs
73
what is immunosuppression?
reduction of activation/ efficacy of immune system
74
what does cyclosporin A (immunosuppressant) do?
- block T cell activation, IL-2 production | - less effective on activated cells
75
what do steroids do (immunosuppressants) do?
- anti-inflammatory (block gamma IFN) | - suppress activated macrophages

PHA112 (37 decks)

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