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PHA112 > Skin and Integumentary System > Flashcards

Skin and Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the integument system?

A
  • protects from: abrasion, infection, UV light, dehydration
  • thermal regulation
  • sensory reception
  • vitamin d production
  • communication
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2
Q

where is vitamin d produced?

A

dermis of skin, after exposure to sunlight

function allows calcium to = absorbed from foods you eat

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3
Q

the skin is the largest …

A

organ

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4
Q

what 3 layers is the skin divided into?

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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5
Q

what is a hypodermic needle?

A

long hollow needle that reaches all the way from epidermis to dermis

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6
Q

epidermis

A
  • made up of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • gives strength to skin
  • has no blood supply, so relies on oxygen absorption + nutrients from dermis blood vessels
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7
Q

the nails are made in the ..

A

epidermis

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8
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum corneum (most superficialities layer)
  • stratum lucidum (only thick skin)
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale (deepest layer of epidermis)
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9
Q

the stratum basale has 4 types of cells

what are they?

A

keratinocytes

  • makes keratin
  • keratin = waterproof + strong

merkel cells
- used as sensory receptors for sense of light touch

macrophages
- ingest debris

melanocytes

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10
Q

melanin is produced from the amino acid …

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

eumelanin

A
  • brown and black pigments found in darker people
  • small amounts —> blonde/brown hair
  • black pigment without brown —> grey hair tint
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12
Q

pheomelanin (sulphur containing)

A
  • gives pink to red hue

- abundant in lips, nipples + vagina

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13
Q

production of melanin is increased when ..

A

during pregnancy

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14
Q

what is the function of melanocytes (brown)

A

make and transport melanosomes for several keratinocytes

have long skinny arms to accomplish this

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15
Q

which 2 mechanisms can melanosomes be passed onto keratinocytes?

A
  • phagocytosis

- endocytosis

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16
Q

tanning

A

UV light triggers dna damage in keratinocyte nucleus

—> activating p53

regulates expression of gene POMC (proopiomelanocorticon)

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17
Q

what is POMC post translationally processed to produce?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) + beta endorphin

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18
Q

the stratum basale is the only layer where..

A

epidermis cells = dividing

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19
Q

what is the stratum spinosum?

A

old cells that have been pushed up to make the next layer

now attached to each other by desmosomes

cells = alive but don’t divide here

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20
Q

what does the stratum spinosome also contain?

A

langerhan cells (WBC)

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21
Q

why do cells in the stratum granulosum start to die?

A

too far from nutrient source in dermis

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22
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only layer on palm + soles

thin layer —> projection from UV radiation

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23
Q

why do dark skinned people have lighter coloured palms and soles?

A

in palms + soles, stratum lucidum is present

tan coloured protein blocked underlying melanocytes from view

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24
Q

what is desquamation?

A

when cells lose their nucleus + fuse to squamous sheets, which are shed from the surface in 2 weeks

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25
Q

in the stratum corneum, the dead cells are filled up with …

A

keratin

26
Q

what is keratin?

A

waxy protein only pound in epidermis

27
Q

what is the secrete ingredient of all moisturises?

A

water

28
Q

what are the 4 stages in skin healing?

A
  • inflammation
  • scab formation
  • cell division + migration
  • scar formation
29
Q

skin injury + repair

step 1

A

bleeding happens at injury site

mast cells in region trigger immune response

30
Q

skin injury + repair

step 2

A

scab forms

stratum basale cells migrate along edges of wound

phagocytic cells remove remove debris

clotting also happens

31
Q

skin injury + repair

step 3

A

scab is undermined by epidermal cells migrating over fibroblast meshwork

fibrin clot disintegrates

32
Q

skin injury + repair

step 4

A

scab has been shed + epidermis complete

shallow depression marks injury site

fibroblasts in dermis continue to create scar tissue —> elevate overlying epidermis

33
Q

what are the 2 types of mechanoreceptor located rose to the surface of the skin?

A

merkel receptor

  • fires continuously whilst stimulus present
  • SLOWLY adapting fibre
  • responsible for sensing fine details

meissner corpuscle

  • fires only when stimulus first applies + when removed
  • RAPIDLY adapting fibre
  • responsible for controlling hand grip
34
Q

what are the 2 mechanoreceptors located deeper in the skin?

A

Ruffini cylinder

  • fires continuously
  • SLOWLY adapting fibre
  • associated with stretching of skin

Pacinian corpuscle

  • fires when stimulus first applied + when removed
  • RAPIDLY adapting fibre
  • associated with sensing rapid vibrations + fine texture
35
Q

what are C fibres?

A

unmyelinated nerve fibres found in hairy skin

sensitive to indentation

most active when stimulus moves slowly across skins surface

36
Q

where are cold receptors located?

A

epidermis

37
Q

where are the warm receptors located?

A

dermis

38
Q

what are the 3 types of pain?

A

nociceptive - signals impending damage to skin

inflammatory pain - caused by damage to tissues/joints by tumour cells

neuropathic pain - caused by damage to central nervous system
e.g. brain damage caused by stroke

39
Q

there are more pain receptors in the…

A

centre of body

40
Q

what are the 2 layers in the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer (more superficial)

- reticular layer

41
Q

papillary layer

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • has ridges to inc SA for contact with epidermis
  • forms our fingerprints
42
Q

reticular layer

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • gives dermis its strength
  • strongest layer of DERMIS
  • has lots of collagen + elastin
43
Q

the stratum spinosum is the strongest layer of the..

A

epidermis

44
Q

the meissner corpuscle nerve receptors in the dermis for…

A

light touch

45
Q

the pacinian corpuscle nerve receptors in the dermis for …

A

vibration and pressure

46
Q

what is the source of collagen for injections?

A

bovine (cow)
porcine (pig)
human skin

47
Q

the subcatenous layer - hypodermis

A

made of loose connective tissue - areolar + adipose

stabilises skin position

contains many fat cells

safely receives hypodermic needles

48
Q

what are the chief parts of the hair?

A

root - imbedded in skin

shaft - projects above skins surface

49
Q

what 3 layers is the hair shaft organised into?

A
  • medulla - central core
  • cortex - surround medulla
  • cuticle - outermost layer
50
Q

what is the hair follicle?

A

root sheath extending from the epidermal surfaces into the dermis

51
Q

what is the papilla in hair follicles?

A

nipple shaped indentation with blood vessels and nerves

52
Q

what is the matrix?

A

germinal layer of cells right above papilla

53
Q

what are the functions of hair?

A
  • help maintain warmth
  • alter body to presence of insects on skin
  • guarding scalp against physical trauma, heat loss + sunlight
54
Q

each hair is associated with…

A
  • one/more sebaceous (oil) glands
  • arrector pili muscle
  • plexus of nerves around root
55
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?

A

merocrine (eccrine)
- all over skin apart from nipples

apocrine

  • located only in axillary, pubic and anal regions
  • larger than merocrine
  • secretes thicker sweat
56
Q

what is diaphoresis?

A

sweating with wetness

57
Q

what are the 2 specially modified sweat glands?

A

ceruminous
- found in external ear canal

mammary

  • milk producing glands found in female breast
  • modified apocrine glands
58
Q

sebaceous glands

A

occur over all body (except palms and soles)

simple alveolar glands

holocrine secretion

59
Q

function of the sebum

A
  • softens + lubricates hair and skin
  • skin waterproofing
  • collects dirt
60
Q

nails

A

scale like modification of epidermis made of hard keratin

parts of nail:

  • free edge
  • body
  • root
  • nail folds
  • eponchyium - cuticle

PHA112 (37 decks)

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