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The Circulatory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic components of the circulatory system?

A
  • blood
  • the heart
  • blood vessels
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2
Q

blood

A

transport medium through which dissolved/suspended materials (e.g. co2, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones + metabolic wastes) are carried over long distances in the body

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3
Q

the heart

A

serves as pump that generates cardiac output + pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to organs + tissues

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4
Q

blood vessels

A

complex network of conduits/portals through which blood = carried + distributed from heart to all parts of body + back to heart

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5
Q

what are the 3 main transportations within the circulatory system?

A
  • respiratory
  • nutritive
  • excretory
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6
Q

respiratory

A

transports O2 and CO2

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7
Q

nutritive

A

carries absorbed digestion products to liver + to tissues

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8
Q

excretory

A

carries metabolic wastes to kidneys to excreted

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9
Q

what are the 3 main regulations within the circulatory system?

A
  • hormonal
  • homeostasis
  • temperature
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10
Q

hormonal

A

carries hormones to target tissues to produce effects

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

helps maintain internal enviro e.g. pH + electrolyte balance

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12
Q

temperature

A

diverts blood to cool/warm body

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13
Q

what are the 2 forms of protection within the circulatory system?

A
  • haemostasis

- immunity

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14
Q

haemostasis

A

mediates blood clotting to prevent bleeding/haemorrhage

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15
Q

immunity

A

carries

  • leukocytes
  • cytokines

complement act to protect against invading pathogens

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16
Q

what is blood?

A

specialised liquid connective tissue

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17
Q

what is blood a vehicle for?

A

short + long range mass transport of materials:

  • between cells
  • between cells + external enviro
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18
Q

what does the total volume of blood vary with?

A
  • body size
  • change in fluid + electrolyte conc
  • amount of adipose tissue
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19
Q

what does blood constitute?

A

~8% body weight

5-6 litres (males)
4-5 litres (females)

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20
Q

plasma

A

~55%

  • straw coloured liquid
  • made of water (~92%) and dissolved solutes
  • specialised proteins (7%)
  • electrolytes (ions)
  • nutrients, hormones + metabolic wastes
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21
Q

formed / cellular elements

A

~45%

  • RBC (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
22
Q

name the constituents within plasma?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
  • other proteins
  • electrolytes
  • organic nutrients
  • organic waste prod
23
Q

albumin

A

big constituent of plasma - total vol accounts for nearly 60% of all plasma proteins

contributes most to colloid osmotic pressure

24
Q

globulins eg

A
  • hormones
  • lipids
  • antibodies
25
organic waste products e.g.
- urea - uric acid - creatinine - bilirubin - ammonium ions (NH4+)
26
what are the 3 main cellular types in formed/cellular elements?
- RBC (erythrocytes) - WBC (leukocytes) - platelet (thrombocytes)
27
RBC
contain haemoglobin + transport O2 to cells
28
WBC
- mobile units of bodys immune defence system | - transported in blood to sites of injury/invasion by disease-causing pathogens
29
platelets
- imp in haemostasis | - arrest of bleeding from injured blood vessel
30
properties of RBC
- smooth, round + flexible biconcave discs - lack nuclei, mitoch/most organelles - contain large amounts haemoglobin - most abundant cell type - formation = in red bone marrow
31
RBC formation in red brown marrow is stimulated by what?
erythropoietin (from kidney)
32
what is haemoglobin?
- iron containing mol = loosely + reversibly binds to O2 - synthesised + packed into RBC during development - alpha2beta2 tetrameric polypeptide-hame complex - each mol = carry 4 O2 mol - contributes to CO2 transport and pH buffering of blood
33
describe the alpha2beta2 tetrameric polypeptide-haem complex?
- 2 of each alpha + beta polypeptide chains (globing moiety) | - 4 iron-containing ahem prosthetic groups
34
in leukocytes (WBC) what are the 2 main cell categories distinguished microscopically?
- granulocytes (70%) | - agranulocytes (30%)
35
what do granulocytes consist of?
- neutrophils (65%) - eosinophils (4%) - basophils (1%)
36
what do agranulocytes consist of?
- lymphocytes (25%) | - monocytes (5%)
37
what are the primary functions of WBC?
defence against tumours, bacterial, viral + parasitic infections
38
neutrophils
- multi-lobed nuclei (PMN) - small purple granules in cytoplasm - short life span in circulation (6-8hrs) - phagocytic specialists - first line of defence - ingest/trap + destroy invading pathogens - scavenge + clean up cellular debris - slow + localised effect - inc in active/acute bacterial infections
39
eosinophils
- large, bi-lobed nucleus - large red granules in cytoplasm - phagocytic - defend against parasitic infections: attach to + secrete substances to kill worms - moderate allergic reactions - inc in internal parasitic infestations + allergic conditions (asthma, hay fever)
40
basophils
- deeply indented nucleus - large dark blue granules - synthesise, store + rel histamine/heparin
41
what are the major roles of basophils?
- hypersensitivity reactions | - infections
42
lymphocytes
- large dark spherical nucleus - thin rim of light blue cytoplasm - major role in immune system - inc in chronic infections
43
what are the 3 major lymphocyte cell types?
- b cells - t cells - natural killer cells
44
b cells
make antibodies that target + mark invading bacteria + viruses for the kill HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
45
t cell
make lymphokines that directly attack + kill invading virus + infected / tumour cells CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
46
natural killer cells
attack + kill virus-infected and/or tumour cells
47
monocytes
- large, round, oval/kidney shaped nucleus - abundant granular cytoplasm - key role in immune system - inc in acute infections - phagocytic - engulf + kill invading bacteria - activate B and T cells - scavenge dead pathogens + dust particles
48
process of leukocytes fighting against microbial infection?
1. break in skin introduces bacteria —> reproduces at wound site. activated resident macrophages engulf pathogens + secrete cytokines + chemotoxins 2. activated mast cells release histamine 3. histamine + cytokine dilate local blood vessels + widen capillary pores cytokines make blood vessel wall sticky —> neutrophils + monocytes = attach 4. chemotoxins attract neutrophils + monocytes -> squeeze out between cells of blood vessel wall (diapedesis) + migrate to infection site 5. monocytes = macrophages newly arriving macrophages + neutrophils engulf pathogen + destroy them
49
platelets (thrombocytes)
- granule rich packages of cytoplasm - key role in circulatory system - maintain integrity of endothelial lining - granules have serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP + platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) - initiate HAEMOSTASIS - short life span ~ 7-10 days
50
platelets + haemostasis
- vascular injury exposes collagen + basement membrane proteins -> platelet adhesion, activation + aggregation - activated/aggregated platelets release pro-aggragatory mediators - ADP + thromboxane A2 - activated platelets trigger thrombin gen -> coagulation cascade initiation -> mesh like fibrin deposition -> clot stabilisation

PHA112 (37 decks)

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