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PHA112 > The Circulatory System 1 > Flashcards

The Circulatory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basic components of the circulatory system?

A
  • blood
  • the heart
  • blood vessels
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2
Q

blood

A

transport medium through which dissolved/suspended materials (e.g. co2, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones + metabolic wastes) are carried over long distances in the body

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3
Q

the heart

A

serves as pump that generates cardiac output + pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to organs + tissues

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4
Q

blood vessels

A

complex network of conduits/portals through which blood = carried + distributed from heart to all parts of body + back to heart

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5
Q

what are the 3 main transportations within the circulatory system?

A
  • respiratory
  • nutritive
  • excretory
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6
Q

respiratory

A

transports O2 and CO2

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7
Q

nutritive

A

carries absorbed digestion products to liver + to tissues

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8
Q

excretory

A

carries metabolic wastes to kidneys to excreted

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9
Q

what are the 3 main regulations within the circulatory system?

A
  • hormonal
  • homeostasis
  • temperature
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10
Q

hormonal

A

carries hormones to target tissues to produce effects

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

helps maintain internal enviro e.g. pH + electrolyte balance

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12
Q

temperature

A

diverts blood to cool/warm body

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13
Q

what are the 2 forms of protection within the circulatory system?

A
  • haemostasis

- immunity

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14
Q

haemostasis

A

mediates blood clotting to prevent bleeding/haemorrhage

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15
Q

immunity

A

carries

  • leukocytes
  • cytokines

complement act to protect against invading pathogens

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16
Q

what is blood?

A

specialised liquid connective tissue

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17
Q

what is blood a vehicle for?

A

short + long range mass transport of materials:

  • between cells
  • between cells + external enviro
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18
Q

what does the total volume of blood vary with?

A
  • body size
  • change in fluid + electrolyte conc
  • amount of adipose tissue
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19
Q

what does blood constitute?

A

~8% body weight

5-6 litres (males)
4-5 litres (females)

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20
Q

plasma

A

~55%

  • straw coloured liquid
  • made of water (~92%) and dissolved solutes
  • specialised proteins (7%)
  • electrolytes (ions)
  • nutrients, hormones + metabolic wastes
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21
Q

formed / cellular elements

A

~45%

  • RBC (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
22
Q

name the constituents within plasma?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
  • other proteins
  • electrolytes
  • organic nutrients
  • organic waste prod
23
Q

albumin

A

big constituent of plasma - total vol accounts for nearly 60% of all plasma proteins

contributes most to colloid osmotic pressure

24
Q

globulins eg

A
  • hormones
  • lipids
  • antibodies
25
Q

organic waste products e.g.

A
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
  • bilirubin
  • ammonium ions (NH4+)
26
Q

what are the 3 main cellular types in formed/cellular elements?

A
  • RBC (erythrocytes)
  • WBC (leukocytes)
  • platelet (thrombocytes)
27
Q

RBC

A

contain haemoglobin + transport O2 to cells

28
Q

WBC

A
  • mobile units of bodys immune defence system

- transported in blood to sites of injury/invasion by disease-causing pathogens

29
Q

platelets

A
  • imp in haemostasis

- arrest of bleeding from injured blood vessel

30
Q

properties of RBC

A
  • smooth, round + flexible biconcave discs
  • lack nuclei, mitoch/most organelles
  • contain large amounts haemoglobin
  • most abundant cell type
  • formation = in red bone marrow
31
Q

RBC formation in red brown marrow is stimulated by what?

A

erythropoietin (from kidney)

32
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A
  • iron containing mol = loosely + reversibly binds to O2
  • synthesised + packed into RBC during development
  • alpha2beta2 tetrameric polypeptide-hame complex
  • each mol = carry 4 O2 mol
  • contributes to CO2 transport and pH buffering of blood
33
Q

describe the alpha2beta2 tetrameric polypeptide-haem complex?

A
  • 2 of each alpha + beta polypeptide chains (globing moiety)

- 4 iron-containing ahem prosthetic groups

34
Q

in leukocytes (WBC) what are the 2 main cell categories distinguished microscopically?

A
  • granulocytes (70%)

- agranulocytes (30%)

35
Q

what do granulocytes consist of?

A
  • neutrophils (65%)
  • eosinophils (4%)
  • basophils (1%)
36
Q

what do agranulocytes consist of?

A
  • lymphocytes (25%)

- monocytes (5%)

37
Q

what are the primary functions of WBC?

A

defence against tumours, bacterial, viral + parasitic infections

38
Q

neutrophils

A
  • multi-lobed nuclei (PMN)
  • small purple granules in cytoplasm
  • short life span in circulation (6-8hrs)
  • phagocytic specialists
  • first line of defence
  • ingest/trap + destroy invading pathogens
  • scavenge + clean up cellular debris
  • slow + localised effect
  • inc in active/acute bacterial infections
39
Q

eosinophils

A
  • large, bi-lobed nucleus
  • large red granules in cytoplasm
  • phagocytic
  • defend against parasitic infections: attach to + secrete substances to kill worms
  • moderate allergic reactions
  • inc in internal parasitic infestations + allergic conditions (asthma, hay fever)
40
Q

basophils

A
  • deeply indented nucleus
  • large dark blue granules
  • synthesise, store + rel histamine/heparin
41
Q

what are the major roles of basophils?

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions

- infections

42
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • large dark spherical nucleus
  • thin rim of light blue cytoplasm
  • major role in immune system
  • inc in chronic infections
43
Q

what are the 3 major lymphocyte cell types?

A
  • b cells
  • t cells
  • natural killer cells
44
Q

b cells

A

make antibodies that target + mark invading bacteria + viruses for the kill

HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

45
Q

t cell

A

make lymphokines that directly attack + kill invading virus + infected / tumour cells

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

46
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack + kill virus-infected and/or tumour cells

47
Q

monocytes

A
  • large, round, oval/kidney shaped nucleus
  • abundant granular cytoplasm
  • key role in immune system
  • inc in acute infections
  • phagocytic
  • engulf + kill invading bacteria
  • activate B and T cells
  • scavenge dead pathogens + dust particles
48
Q

process of leukocytes fighting against microbial infection?

A
  1. break in skin introduces bacteria —> reproduces at wound site.

activated resident macrophages engulf pathogens + secrete cytokines + chemotoxins

  1. activated mast cells release histamine
  2. histamine + cytokine dilate local blood vessels + widen capillary pores

cytokines make blood vessel wall sticky —> neutrophils + monocytes = attach

  1. chemotoxins attract neutrophils + monocytes -> squeeze out between cells of blood vessel wall (diapedesis) + migrate to infection site
  2. monocytes = macrophages

newly arriving macrophages + neutrophils engulf pathogen + destroy them

49
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  • granule rich packages of cytoplasm
  • key role in circulatory system
  • maintain integrity of endothelial lining
  • granules have serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP + platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
  • initiate HAEMOSTASIS
  • short life span ~ 7-10 days
50
Q

platelets + haemostasis

A
  • vascular injury exposes collagen + basement membrane proteins -> platelet adhesion, activation + aggregation
  • activated/aggregated platelets release pro-aggragatory mediators - ADP + thromboxane A2
  • activated platelets trigger thrombin gen -> coagulation cascade initiation -> mesh like fibrin deposition -> clot stabilisation

PHA112 (37 decks)

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