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PHA112 > Muscoskeletal System 2 > Flashcards

Muscoskeletal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functional classification of joints

A
  • synarthroses - immovable joints
  • amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
  • diarthroses - freely moveable joints
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2
Q

structural classification of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilagenous
  • synovial
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3
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • suture - dense fibrous connective tissue
  • syndesmoses - cord/band of connective tissue
  • gomphoses - peg-in-socket arrangement surrounded by fibrous tissue/peridontal ligament
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4
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • synchondroses

- symphyses

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5
Q

synovial joints

A
  • gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball + socket
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6
Q

sutures

A
  • occurs between bones of skull
  • junction filled with connective tissue
  • rigid splices bind bones of skull together tightly
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7
Q

syndesmoses

A
  • longer fibrous tissue
  • occurs as sheet/membrane
  • allows joints to flex
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8
Q

cartilaginous

A
  • united by cartilage
  • lack joint cavity
  • not highly movable

2 types:

  • synchondroses
  • sympheses
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9
Q

synchondroses

A
  • junction of cartilage
  • immovable

e. g.
- epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

sympheses

A
  • fibrocartilage units bones
  • slightly movable
  • resilient shock absorber
  • provides strength + flexibility

e. g.
- intervertebral discs
- pub symphysis of pelvis

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11
Q

synovial joints

A
  • inc most of bodies joints
  • all = diarthroses
  • all contain fluid-filled joint cavity
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12
Q

synovial joints

articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • spongy cushions absorb compression
  • protects ends of bone = crushed
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13
Q

synovial joints

joint cavity

A
  • potential space

- small amount synovial fluid

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14
Q

synovial joints

articular capsule

A
  • 2 layers
  • outer: fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
  • inner: synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
  • lines all internal joint surfaces —> not covered by cartilage
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15
Q

synovial joints

synovial fluid

A
  • filtrate of blood
  • has special glycoproteins
  • nourishes cartilage + acts as slippery lubricant
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16
Q

synovial joints

reinforcing ligaments (some joints)

A
  • capsular (most) - thickened parts of capsule
  • extra capsular
  • intra capsular
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17
Q

synovial joints

nerves

A
  • detect pain

- monitor stretch (senses posture + body movements)

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18
Q

synovial joints

blood vessels

A
  • rich blood supply

- extensive capillary beds in synovial membrane (produce blood filtrate)

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19
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A
  • ligaments reinforce joints

- intrinsic ligaments reinforce capsule

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20
Q

what can some joints possess?

A

articular disc/ meniscus

  • those with bone ends of different shapes/fitting poorly

e. g.
- knee
- TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

21
Q

bursae and tendon sheaths

A
  • contain synovial fluid
  • bursa: flattened sac lined by synovial membrane
  • where ligaments, muscles, tendons/bones overlie and rub against each other

tendon: sheath
- only on tendons subjected to friction

22
Q

joint stability

articular surfaces

A
  • shape plays minor role

- some deep sockets/grooves provide stability

23
Q

joint stability

ligaments

A
  • more, stronger joint
  • once stretched, stays stretched
  • can stretch only 6 % beyond normal length before tears
24
Q

joint stability

muscle tone

A
  • constant, low level of contractile force
  • keeps tension on ligaments
  • important on shoulders, knees and arches of foot
25
Q

what are the movements allowed by synovial joints?

A
  • gliding
  • angular movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
  • rotation
26
Q

what are the special movements allowed?

A
  • pronation
  • supination
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion
  • eversion
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • elevation
  • depression
  • opposition
27
Q

flexion

A

bent knee

28
Q

extension

A

extend knee

29
Q

hyperextension

A

bring leg back

30
Q

dorsi flexion

A

heel

31
Q

plantar flexion

A

toe

32
Q

abduction

A

leg out

33
Q

adduction

A

leg in

34
Q

rotation

A

twisting

35
Q

circumduction

A

circular motion

36
Q

supination

A

palm up

37
Q

pronation

A

palm down

38
Q

eversion

A

foot out

39
Q

inversion

A

foot in

40
Q

protraction

A

chin forward

41
Q

retraction

A

chin back

42
Q

elevation

A

shoulders up

43
Q

depression

A

shoulders down

44
Q

articular surfaces are essentially …

A

flat

45
Q

hinge joints

A
  • cylindrical shaped projection of bone fits into trough shaped surface of another bone
  • motion = in single plane

e.g. elbow + knee joints

46
Q

pivot joints

A

rounded end of bone protrudes into ring of bone + ligaments on another bone

only movement allowed = rotation of bone around long axis

47
Q

condyloid joints

A

oval articular surface of one bone fits into complementary concavity in another

e.g. MCP (metacarpophalangeal)

48
Q

saddle joints

A

have greater freedom of movement

each surface has concave + convex surface -> fits together

e.g.
carpo-metacarpal joints of thumb

49
Q

ball and socket joints

A

spherical head of one bone articulates with cupcake socket of another

joints = multiaxial + most freely moving synovial joints

eg

  • shoulder
  • hip

PHA112 (37 decks)

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