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PHA112 > Microbiology 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is microbiology?

A

the study of microorganisms (microbes)

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2
Q

give examples of how microbiology has a huge impact on a variety of fields?

A
  • fermented foods, baking, brewing, wine making
  • water and sewage treatment
  • agriculture and spoilage
  • study of pathogens and infectious disease
  • pharmaceuticals and biotech
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3
Q

give two characteristics of microorganisms?

A
  • microscopic (<1mm)

- unicellular

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4
Q

are viruses unicellular or acellular?

A

acellular

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5
Q

what type of microorganism can form multicellular structures?

A

fungi

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6
Q

what is the size of a virus?

A

~100nm

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7
Q

what is the size of a bacterium?

A

1-2 micrometres

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8
Q

what is the size of a RBC?

A

~8 micrometres

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9
Q

what is the size of a chicken egg?

A

40-50mm

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10
Q

who has the greatest genetic diversity of all groups of living organisms?

A

microbes

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11
Q

what was the top cause of death between the years 1915 to 2015?

A

infections

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12
Q

when was penicillin G (1st antibiotic) introduced?

A

late 1940s

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13
Q

give examples of how microbes have increasingly shown to have roles in non-infectious diseases?

A
  • stomach ulcers

- obesity

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14
Q

what is the name of the friendly e.coli?

A

Nissle 1917

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15
Q

what is the name of the unfriendly e.coli?

A

O157:H7

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16
Q

what are normal flora?

A

organisms that live in benign symbiosis with host

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17
Q

if conditions change, what may occur?

A

microbes may grow extensively + cause infection - MRSA

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18
Q

what do changed conditions include?

A
  • hormonal
  • climatic
  • enviro
  • stress
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19
Q

how does microbiology play an important role in public health?

A
  • identification of disease
  • tracking and control of disease outbreaks
  • tracking of antimicrobial resistance
  • identifying appropriate treatments
  • vaccination
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20
Q

if resistance is not tackled an estimated …. deaths/year due to AMR infections will occur by 2050

A

10 million

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21
Q

how much economic loss will resistance lead to?

A

60-100 trillion dollars

22
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

the broad area of biology which uses living systems/organisms to produce products

23
Q

colour of agriculture?

A

green

24
Q

colour of industrial?

A

white

25
Q

colour of food tech?

A

yellow

26
Q

colour of aquatic?

A

blue

27
Q

colour of medical and pharmaceutical?

A

red

28
Q

colour of bioterrorism?

A

dark

29
Q

what is saccharomyces cerevisiae used for?

A

bread, beer, wine

30
Q

what is lactobacillus app used for?

A

yoghurt, bread

31
Q

what is aspergillus niger used in?

A

citric acid

32
Q

what is bacillus licheniformis used in?

A

alkaline proteases

33
Q

what is penicillium chrysogenum used in?

A

penicillin

34
Q

what is streptomycin chrysogenum used in?

A

streptomycin

35
Q

what is e.coli used in?

A

insulin (human identical)

36
Q

what is aspergillus niger (fungus) use and what is it used as?

A

uses raw material:

  • brewery waste
  • coconut oil
  • rapeseed oil

used as acidity regulator / flavouring

37
Q

how many tonnes of aspergillus niger are produced?

A

> 1000000 per year

38
Q

what does bacillus licheniformis produce?

A

alkaline protease in response to nutrient limitation

39
Q

what do alkaline proteases digest?

A

protein based stains

40
Q

how many tonnes of bacillus licheniformis are produced?

A

> 1000 tonnes per year

41
Q

natural products of antimicrobials?

A
  • penicillins, streptomycin (fungi)

- endolysins (viral)

42
Q

natural product of cholesterol lowering agents?

A

lovastatin (fungi)

43
Q

natural products of neurotoxins?

A

botulinum toxin (bacteria)

44
Q

when was insulin (humbling) first produced?

A

1978

by genetech then licensed to Eli Lilly

45
Q

what do recombinant vaccines such as Gardasil do?

A
  • target human papilloma virus (HPV)

- contains recombinant viral protein in bacterium

46
Q

what is microbial spoilage?

A

deterioration of a product by a contaminating microbe

47
Q

how can pharmaceutical products be spoiled by microbes?

A
  • can target raw materials/ finished products
  • causes economic loss
  • inc risk to patients by affecting safety and quality
48
Q

what is solid/liquid media?

A
  • nutrient rich

- non-selective

49
Q

how can you use DNA to extract genetic components?

A
  • target regions (PCR)

- whole genome sequencing

50
Q

how can you use RNA to extract genetic components?

A

gene expression

51
Q

how can you use proteins to extract cell components?

A
  • immunological profiling
  • structural studies
  • sequencing

PHA112 (37 decks)

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