Respiratory System 1

Question 1

functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• gas exchange: take in o2, eject co2
• regulate blood pH: alters co2 levels
• voice production: air movement past vocal cords
• olfaction: in nasal cavity
• innate immunity: physical protection of blood

Question 2

upper respiratory system includes…

Answer 2

• nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx

Question 3

lower respiratory system includes…

Answer 3

• larnyx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

Question 4

what are the functions of the nose?

Answer 4

• passageway for air
• cleans air
• humidifies + warms air
• smell
• along with paranasal sinuses, = resonating chambers for speech

Question 5

what is the pharynx?

Answer 5

common passageway for respiratory system

Question 6

nasopharynx

Answer 6

• auditory tubes empty here
• elevated when swallow + held open when sneeze
• pharyngeal tonsils located here

Question 7

what is the soft palate?

Answer 7

floor of nasopharynx, posterior portion = uvula

Question 8

oropharynx

Answer 8

extends from uvula to epiglottis

• oral cavity opens into oropharynx
• lined with stratified epithelium
• 2 tonsils

Question 9

laryngopharynx

Answer 9

extends from epiglottis to oesophagus

food + drink

Question 10

functions of the larynx

Answer 10

• maintains open air tube
• voice production
• allow us to hold breath
• closes air tube when swallow —> prevents food from entering trachea

Question 11

what is the larynx

Answer 11

complex assortment of cartilages

Question 12

trachea

Answer 12

= windpipe

• connective tissue + smooth muscle, supported by cartilage
• cartilage protects trachea + maintains OPEN airway; smooth muscle constricts airway

Question 13

what are the effects of smoking on the trachea?

Answer 13

• destroyed ciliated cells
• mucous collects
• microorganisms not ejected

Question 14

bronchi

Answer 14

• symmetrical branches from trachea

- extensions with same tissue types

Question 15

parasympathetic division

Answer 15

innervates bronchial smooth muscle + submucosal glands

Question 16

what does the stimulation of parasympathetic division cause?

Answer 16

• bronchial smooth muscle contraction
• inc mucuc secretion

effects mediated by M3 ACh receptors

Question 17

sympathetic division

Answer 17

no innervation of bronchial smooth muscle

supplies submucosal glands + smooth muscle of blood vessels

Question 18

what does stimulation of sympathetic division cause?

Answer 18

• bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
• decreased mucus secretion
• inc mucociliary clearance

mediated via beta2-adrenoreceptors
neuronally rel by NA

Question 19

lung structure

Answer 19

• divided into lobes (R=3, L=2) divided by septa
• bronchioles divide unto alveolar ducts + alveoli
• as bronchi + bronchioles divide, cartilage dec + smooth muscle inc

Question 20

during exercise, what happens to the diameter of the alveolar duct?

Answer 20

inc

Question 21

during an asthma attack, what happens to the diameter of the alveolar duct?

Answer 21

dec

Question 22

describe the respiratory membrane?

Answer 22

• thin fluid layer lines alveolus
• alveolar epithelium = simple squamous
• interstitial space = THIN
• capillary epithelium = simple squamous

Question 23

what is inspiration + expiration caused by?

Answer 23

changes in thoracic volume

produces change in air pressure in lungs

Question 24

muscle of expiration include…

Answer 24

• abdominals

- internal intercostals

Question 25

muscles of inspiration include…

Answer 25

- diaphragm | - external intercostals (scalenes etc)

Question 26

at the end of expiration, what does Patm =

Answer 26

Palv no air flow

Question 27

during inspiration, what does Patm =

Answer 27

> Palv inc thoracic vol dec Palv air flows into alveoli

Question 28

at the end of inspiration, what does Patm =

Answer 28

Palv no air flow

Question 29

during expiration, what does Patm =

Answer 29

< Palv dec thoracic vol = inc pressure in alveoli air flows out of lungs

Question 30

premature babies lack surfactant, what does this put them at a risk of?

Answer 30

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 31

when does lung compliance and ventilation decrease?

Answer 31

when lungs become diseased and fibrotic (COPD)

Question 32

passive expiration occurs due to...

Answer 32

lung recoil

Question 33

what are the 2 causes of lung recoil?

Answer 33

- elastic fibres in connective tissue of lung | - surface tension of h2o molecules pull on alveolar walls

Question 34

surfactant …. lung recoil

Answer 34

opposes

Question 35

what is a surfactant secreted by and what does it consist of?

Answer 35

by cells of alveolar epithelium lipoproteins + interferes with surface tension produced by water

Question 36

what is a surfactant?

Answer 36

detergent like substance which dec surface tension

Question 37

define tidal volume

Answer 37

vol of air inspired/expired during normal inspiration/expiration

Question 38

define inspiratory reserve vol

Answer 38

amount air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

Question 39

define expiratory reserve vol

Answer 39

amount air expired forcefully after expiration of normal tidal vol

Question 40

define residual vol

Answer 40

vol air remaining in respiratory passages + lungs after most forceful expiration

Question 41

define inspiratory capacity

Answer 41

tidal vol plus inspiratory reserve vol

Question 42

define functional residual capacity

Answer 42

expiratory reserve vol plus residual vol

Question 43

define vital capacity

Answer 43

sum of inspiratory reserve vol, tidal vol, expiratory reserve vol

Question 44

define total lung capacity

Answer 44

sum of inspiratory + expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + residual vol

Question 45

what is vital capacity also known as?

Answer 45

max amount air one can forcefully inspire + expire

Question 46

what is vital capacity, influenced by?

Answer 46

- age - sex - body size - training

Question 47

what is the dead space?

Answer 47

some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange

Question 48

what is the anatomical dead space?

Answer 48

vol of conducting zone conduits (~150ml)

Question 49

what is the alveolar dead space?

Answer 49

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse/obstruction

Question 50

what is the total dead space?

Answer 50

sum of anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

Question 51

what is a spirometer?

Answer 51

pulmonary function test instrument used to measure respiratory vol + capacities

Question 52

what can spirometry distinguish between?

Answer 52

- obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis) | - restrictive disorders (TB_

Question 53

what is minute ventilation?

Answer 53

total amount of gas flow into/out of respiratory tract in 1 min

Question 54

what is forced vital capacity? (FVC)

Answer 54

gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breath

Question 55

what is forced expiratory volume? (FEV)

Answer 55

amount gas expelled during specific time intervals of FVC

Question 56

inc in TLC, FRC, RV may show signs of ...

Answer 56

obstructive disease

Question 57

dec in VC, TLC, FRC, RV may show signs of ...

Answer 57

restrictive disease

Question 58

define alveolar ventilation rate?

Answer 58

flow of gases into/out of alveoli during certain time

Question 59

formular to find AVR (ml/min)?

Answer 59

frequency (breaths/min) X (TV-dead space) ml/breath

Question 60

what is dead space normally in alveolar ventilation?

Answer 60

constant

Question 61

rapid, shallow breathing …. AVR

Answer 61

dec