Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHA112 > Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • gas exchange: take in o2, eject co2
  • regulate blood pH: alters co2 levels
  • voice production: air movement past vocal cords
  • olfaction: in nasal cavity
  • innate immunity: physical protection of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

upper respiratory system includes…

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lower respiratory system includes…

A
  • larnyx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the functions of the nose?

A
  • passageway for air
  • cleans air
  • humidifies + warms air
  • smell
  • along with paranasal sinuses, = resonating chambers for speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

common passageway for respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • auditory tubes empty here
  • elevated when swallow + held open when sneeze
  • pharyngeal tonsils located here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

floor of nasopharynx, posterior portion = uvula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oropharynx

A

extends from uvula to epiglottis

  • oral cavity opens into oropharynx
  • lined with stratified epithelium
  • 2 tonsils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

laryngopharynx

A

extends from epiglottis to oesophagus

food + drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functions of the larynx

A
  • maintains open air tube
  • voice production
  • allow us to hold breath
  • closes air tube when swallow —> prevents food from entering trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the larynx

A

complex assortment of cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

trachea

A

= windpipe

  • connective tissue + smooth muscle, supported by cartilage
  • cartilage protects trachea + maintains OPEN airway; smooth muscle constricts airway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the effects of smoking on the trachea?

A
  • destroyed ciliated cells
  • mucous collects
  • microorganisms not ejected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bronchi

A
  • symmetrical branches from trachea

- extensions with same tissue types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parasympathetic division

A

innervates bronchial smooth muscle + submucosal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the stimulation of parasympathetic division cause?

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle contraction
  • inc mucuc secretion

effects mediated by M3 ACh receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sympathetic division

A

no innervation of bronchial smooth muscle

supplies submucosal glands + smooth muscle of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does stimulation of sympathetic division cause?

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
  • decreased mucus secretion
  • inc mucociliary clearance

mediated via beta2-adrenoreceptors
neuronally rel by NA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lung structure

A
  • divided into lobes (R=3, L=2) divided by septa
  • bronchioles divide unto alveolar ducts + alveoli
  • as bronchi + bronchioles divide, cartilage dec + smooth muscle inc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

during exercise, what happens to the diameter of the alveolar duct?

A

inc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

during an asthma attack, what happens to the diameter of the alveolar duct?

A

dec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the respiratory membrane?

A
  • thin fluid layer lines alveolus
  • alveolar epithelium = simple squamous
  • interstitial space = THIN
  • capillary epithelium = simple squamous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is inspiration + expiration caused by?

A

changes in thoracic volume

produces change in air pressure in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

muscle of expiration include…

A
  • abdominals

- internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

muscles of inspiration include…

A
  • diaphragm

- external intercostals (scalenes etc)

26
Q

at the end of expiration, what does Patm =

A

Palv

no air flow

27
Q

during inspiration, what does Patm =

A

> Palv

inc thoracic vol dec Palv

air flows into alveoli

28
Q

at the end of inspiration, what does Patm =

A

Palv

no air flow

29
Q

during expiration, what does Patm =

A

< Palv

dec thoracic vol = inc pressure in alveoli

air flows out of lungs

30
Q

premature babies lack surfactant, what does this put them at a risk of?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

31
Q

when does lung compliance and ventilation decrease?

A

when lungs become diseased and fibrotic (COPD)

32
Q

passive expiration occurs due to…

A

lung recoil

33
Q

what are the 2 causes of lung recoil?

A
  • elastic fibres in connective tissue of lung

- surface tension of h2o molecules pull on alveolar walls

34
Q

surfactant …. lung recoil

A

opposes

35
Q

what is a surfactant secreted by and what does it consist of?

A

by cells of alveolar epithelium

lipoproteins + interferes with surface tension produced by water

36
Q

what is a surfactant?

A

detergent like substance which dec surface tension

37
Q

define tidal volume

A

vol of air inspired/expired during normal inspiration/expiration

38
Q

define inspiratory reserve vol

A

amount air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

39
Q

define expiratory reserve vol

A

amount air expired forcefully after expiration of normal tidal vol

40
Q

define residual vol

A

vol air remaining in respiratory passages + lungs after most forceful expiration

41
Q

define inspiratory capacity

A

tidal vol plus inspiratory reserve vol

42
Q

define functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve vol plus residual vol

43
Q

define vital capacity

A

sum of inspiratory reserve vol, tidal vol, expiratory reserve vol

44
Q

define total lung capacity

A

sum of inspiratory + expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol + residual vol

45
Q

what is vital capacity also known as?

A

max amount air one can forcefully inspire + expire

46
Q

what is vital capacity, influenced by?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • body size
  • training
47
Q

what is the dead space?

A

some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange

48
Q

what is the anatomical dead space?

A

vol of conducting zone conduits (~150ml)

49
Q

what is the alveolar dead space?

A

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse/obstruction

50
Q

what is the total dead space?

A

sum of anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

51
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

pulmonary function test

instrument used to measure respiratory vol + capacities

52
Q

what can spirometry distinguish between?

A
  • obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis)

- restrictive disorders (TB_

53
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A

total amount of gas flow into/out of respiratory tract in 1 min

54
Q

what is forced vital capacity? (FVC)

A

gas forcibly expelled after taking deep breath

55
Q

what is forced expiratory volume? (FEV)

A

amount gas expelled during specific time intervals of FVC

56
Q

inc in TLC, FRC, RV may show signs of …

A

obstructive disease

57
Q

dec in VC, TLC, FRC, RV may show signs of …

A

restrictive disease

58
Q

define alveolar ventilation rate?

A

flow of gases into/out of alveoli during certain time

59
Q

formular to find AVR (ml/min)?

A

frequency (breaths/min) X (TV-dead space) ml/breath

60
Q

what is dead space normally in alveolar ventilation?

A

constant

61
Q

rapid, shallow breathing …. AVR

A

dec

PHA112 (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions