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PHA112 > CNS 1 > Flashcards

CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major brain structures?

A
  • hindbrain
  • midbrain: tectum, tegmentum
  • forebrain: telencephalon, diencephalon
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2
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla
reticular formation

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3
Q

what does the tectum consist of?

A

superior and interior colliculi

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4
Q

what does the tegmentum consist of?

A

periaqueductal gray
substantia nigra
red nucleus

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5
Q

what does the telencephalon consist of?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • corpus callsoum
  • limbic system (hippocampus…)
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6
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
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7
Q

what are the major neurochemical systems in the brain?

A
  • noradrenaline
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • ACh
  • glutamate
  • GABA
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8
Q

what does the surface anatomy of the brain include?

A

cerebral hemispheres
cerebellum
brain stem

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9
Q

what is the brain composed and constituted of?

A

wrinkled pinkish gray tissue

nerve cells, glial cells, blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

the brain contains almost …. of the body’s neural tissue

A

98%

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11
Q

the brain exerts vital and adaptive functions

give examples of these?

A
  • sensory reception and integration
  • muscle control + coordination
  • temperature + sleep wake cycle regulation
  • speech production, memory storage, reasoning, judgement ..
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12
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

integrates info that it receives + coordinates activity

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13
Q

what forms the CNS?

A

brain + spinal cord

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14
Q

what are dendrites?

A

short fibres

through which neurones (cell body) receive info

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15
Q

what do axons carry?

A

outgoing messages from cell

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16
Q

what does a group of axons bundled together make up?

A
  • nerve in PNS (cranial + spinal nerves)

- tract in CNS

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17
Q

define nucleus?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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18
Q

define ganglion?

A

collection of neurones cell bodies in PNS

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19
Q

what is an exception to the ganglion?

A

basal ganglia

located in forebrain

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20
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

subcortical nuclei

inc: caudate putamen, globus pallidus in cerebrum, substantia nigra in midbrain, subthalamic nucleus in diencephalon

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21
Q

what are the 3 main nerve tracts in the CNS?

A
  • association fibres
  • commissural fibres
  • projection fibres
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22
Q

association fibres

A

connect cortical areas within same hemisphere

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23
Q

commissural fibres

A

connect corresponding cortical areas in 2 hemispheres

cross from one cerebral hemisphere to other via bridges = commissures

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24
Q

projection fibres

A

connect cerebral cortex with corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem + spinal cord

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25
Q

what are the categories of nerves?

A
  • afferent nerves
  • efferent nerves
  • mixed nerves
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26
Q

afferent nerves

A

signals from sensory neurones to CNS (from mechanoreceptors in skin)

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27
Q

efferent nerves

A

signals from CNS long motor neurones to target muscles/glands

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28
Q

mixed nerves

A

have both afferent + efferent axons

conduct both incoming sensory info + outgoing muscle commands in same bundle

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29
Q

what is the ascending/afferent pathway?

A

one/series of neurones projecting from periphery toward brain

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30
Q

what is the descending/efferent pathway?

A

one/series of neurones projecting from brain toward periphery

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31
Q

nerves can be categorised into 2 groups based on where they connect to CNS

what are these 2 groups?

A
  • spinal nerves

- cranial nerves

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32
Q

spinal nerves

A

connect through vertebral column to spinal cord and to CNS

given letter-number designations according to vertebra which connect to spinal column

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33
Q

cranial nerves

A

innervate parts of head + connect directly to brain (espesh brain stem)

assigned Roman numerals from 1-12 + descriptive names

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34
Q

what are some axons covered with?

A

myelin sheath

made up of glial cells

myelin sheath inc neutron efficiency + provides insulation

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35
Q

what is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

most common demyelinating disease of CNS

36
Q

when does Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) happen?

A

when body’s immune system attacks myelin sheath in PNS

37
Q

both the spinal cord and brain consist of white + gray matter

describe both matters?

A

white matter = bundles of axons coated with myelin sheath

gray matter = masses of cell bodies + dendrites -> covered with synapses

38
Q

sensory neurones

A

carry signals from outer parts of body (periphery) into CNS

39
Q

motor neurones

A

carry signals from CNS to outer parts of body

40
Q

interneurones

A

connect various neurones in brain + spinal cord

41
Q

which nerves fibres are myelinated?

A

A-alpha
A-beta
A-delta
A-alpha (motor neurones)

42
Q

which nerve fibres are unmyelinated?

A

C-nerve fibres

43
Q

the thicker the nerve fibre the ….

A

faster info travels in it

44
Q

what does the axon hillock control?

A

firing of neuron

45
Q

what does a gate keeper/sensor do?

A

sums total inhibitory + excitatory signals

46
Q

if the sum of inhibitory + excitatory signals inc, what will happen?

A

AP = triggered

electrical signal transmitted down axon away from cell body

47
Q

what is an AP carried by?

A

neurotransmitters

48
Q

what are neurotransmitters made by?

A

cell sending impulse (pre-sn)

stored in synaptic vesicles at end of axon

49
Q

define receptors in post sn?

A

chemical-gated ion channels

50
Q

what are sensory receptors either?

A

specialised endings of afferent neurones / separate cells that signal to afferent neurone

detect + respond to physical/chem stimuli

convert one form of energy to another

51
Q

give examples of external and internal sensory receptors?

A

external - cutaneous
internal - (visceral/somatic)

contribute to variations in sensitivity (2 point discrimination)

52
Q

give examples of sensory receptors?

A
  • photoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • proprioreceptors
  • polymodal receptors
  • nociceptors
53
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical composition (O2, CO2 + chemicals linked to taste and smell)

54
Q

proprioreceptors

A

joint position sense

55
Q

polymodal receptors

A

to more than 1 type of stimulus

56
Q

nociceptors

A

damage/distortion of tissues (pain)

57
Q

what is a neuroreceptor?

A

membrane receptor protein activated by neurotransmitter

58
Q

what are the 2 major classes neuroreceptors are divided into?

A
  • ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC receptors): gabaa, nicotinic / nmda receptors
  • G protein coupled (GPCRs) receptors: gabab, muscarinic / adrenergic receptors
59
Q

what are the 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors for ligand gated ion channels?

A

GABA - GABAA

glycine - alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha4 and beta

60
Q

kinase-linked receptors

A

transmembrane receptors
- uses second messenger singling -> triggers cascade

ligands bind to binding site at extracellular domain
- causes phosphorylation of AA (mainly tyrosine in intracellular domain)

e.g. cytokine receptors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) + fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

61
Q

nuclear receptors

A

in nuclear of cells

activated when ligand mol enter nuclear membrane + bind

e.g. estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterol + thyroid hormone

62
Q

what does a synapse consist of?

A
  • presynaptic ending
  • postsynaptic ending
  • synaptic cleft
63
Q

presynaptic ending

A

contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria + other cell organelles

64
Q

postsynaptic ending

A

contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters

65
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between presynaptic + postsynaptic endings (about 20nm wide)

66
Q

presynaptic

A

situated/occurring proximal to synapse

67
Q

postsynaptic

A

situated/occurring after synapse

68
Q

where are neurotransmitter receptors present?

A

plasma membrane of postsynaptic cells (sometimes in pre-sn)

69
Q

what are neurotransmitter receptors?

A
  • integral membrane glycoproteins

- pharmacological compounds bind to receptor + reproduce (agonists) / block (antagonist) action of neurotransmitter

70
Q

what is a ligand?

A

substance that forms complex with biomolecule to serve biological purpose

in protein-ligand binding: ligand = mol which produces signal by binding to site on target protein

71
Q

what is a pro-drug?

A

chemical compound that undergoes chem conversion by metabolic processes before = pharmacological agent

72
Q

what is diamorphine?

A

pro-drug

when enters brain, converted into morphine which binds to mu (mew) opioid receptors

73
Q

what is an agonist?

A

neurotransmitter/drug that mimics action of neurotransmitter + binds to counterpart receptor of neurotransmitter

74
Q

what can an agonist produce?

A

excitation/inhibition of post-sn

neurotransmiter = agonist
has high affinity for own receptor

75
Q

what is a partial agonist?

A

agonist ligand that produces lower response than full agonist after binding to same number of receptors

76
Q

what can a partial agonist act as?

A

competitive antagonist when in presence of full agonist

77
Q

what is an inverse agonist?

A

ligand that binds to same receptor-binding site as agonist

78
Q

what do inverse agonists do?

A

inhibits constitutive activity

displays negative efficacy

suppresses spontaneous receptor signalling

79
Q

give an example of a receptor that possesses basal activity and for which inverse agonists have been identified?

A

GABA receptor

80
Q

what do agonists of GABA receptors do?

A

they create CNS relaxant effect

inverse agonists have agitation effects

81
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

drug that has affinity for neurotransmitter receptor + prevents action of neurotransmitter to bind to its own receptor

82
Q

define inhibitor?

A

mol that binds to enzyme and dec activity

83
Q

how can neurotransmitters/drugs inhibit activity of neurones?

A
  • hyperpolarization of neurone

- blockade of binding of neurotransmitter to own receptor

84
Q

give examples of inhibitors?

A
  • GABA, enkephalin, diazepam, morphine (agonists)
  • nifedipine (antagonist)
  • atenolol (beta blocker - antagonist)
85
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

inhibition of inhibitor

PHA112 (37 decks)

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