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the pitutary gland Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone

A

Hormones

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2
Q

2 diff type of hormones

A

peptide and steriod

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3
Q

how are peptide hormone sythesised

A

Synthesised as prohormones requiring further processing (e.g. cleavage) to activate

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4
Q

storage

A

Stored in vesicles (regulatory secretion)

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5
Q

Receptors

A

Bind receptors on cell membrane and transduce signal using 2nd messenger systems

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6
Q

how are steriod hormones sythesised

A

Synthesised in a series of reactions from cholesterol

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7
Q

Storage

A

Released immediately (constitutive secretion)

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8
Q

Receptors

A

Bind to intracellular receptors to change gene expression directly

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9
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

Sella turcica (of sphenoid bone)

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10
Q

what dictates the secreation of the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus

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11
Q

function of Hypothalamic parvocellular neurons

A

regulate anterior pituitary function

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12
Q

are they long or short

A

short

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13
Q

where di they terminate

A

median eminence

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14
Q

what do they relase

A

Release hypothalamic releasing/inhibitory factors

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15
Q

where do they release

A

capillary plexus in median eminence

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16
Q

where do they go

A

hypothalamic regulatory factors carried by portal circulation to anterior pituitary

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17
Q

what are endocrine cells

A

release hormones

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18
Q

what is Anterior pituitary also known as

A

adenohypophysis

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19
Q

made up of

A

Made up of endocrine cells:

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20
Q

how many

A

5 type

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21
Q

what are they

A 
Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
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22
Q

Regulated by

A

hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors via hypophyseal-pituitary portal system

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23
Q

what does the ant P rely on

A

hypothamus, hypothalmo-pitutary portal system

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24
Q

outline the steps in the Hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

A

Axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release hormones (RHs and IHs) into the
hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

The RHs and IHs travel in the portal system to the anterior pituitary

The RHs and IHs stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones (black dots) from anterior pituitary cells

Anterior pituitary hormones leave the gland via the blood

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25
Q

example using regulation of thyroid hormone

A

Axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH) into
hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

TRH travels in the portal system to the anterior pituitary

TRH stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotrophin) from anterior pituitary thyrotrophs

TSH leaves the gland via the blood to travel to the thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormone release (thyroxine)

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26
Q

what do SOMATOTROPHS release

A

Growth hormone

Somatotrophin

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27
Q

LACTOTROPHS

A

Prolactin

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28
Q

THYROTROPHS

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotrophin)

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29
Q

GONADOTROPHS

A 
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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30
Q

CORTICOTROPHS

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ACTH, corticotrophin

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31
Q

what hormone released by the hypothalmus stimulates release of Growth hormone

A

GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE

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32
Q

what inhibits GH

A

SOMATOSTATIN

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33
Q

how is Prolactin regulated

A

only inhibited by dopmaine

34
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotrophin)

A

THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

35
Q 
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH
A

GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

36
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ACTH, corticotrophin

A

CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE

37
Q

where is/are the receptor/s for growth hormone

A

liver, muscles, bone

mainly liver

38
Q

Prolactin

A

Breasts

lactating women

39
Q

Thyrotrophin

A

Thyroid

40
Q

Gonadotrophins

A

Testes (males)

Ovaries (females)

41
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic

hormone

A

Adrenal cortex

42
Q

what is bitemporal hemianopia

A

Loss of outer part of visual field

43
Q

caused by

A

Compression of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumour

44
Q

what occurs at optic chiasm

A

Fibres from the nasal (medial) retinae cross at the optic chiasm

45
Q

so why

A

tumour prevents transmission of sensory information from lateral visual fields to the occipital lobe

46
Q

What is the name of the bony dish that the pituitary gland sits in?

A

Sella turcica

47
Q

does m production involves the posterior thalmus

A

yes involves both anterior and posterior

48
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex arc: milk production

A

Mechanical stimulation of nipple & surrounding area activates afferent pathways

Afferent signals integrated in the hypothalamus and inhibit dopamine release from dopaminergic neurons

Less dopamine in the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system causes less inhibition of anterior pituitary lactotrophs

Increased plasma prolactin increases milk secretion in mammary glands

49
Q

relationship between prolactin and dopamine

A

dopamine inhibts prolactin

more dopamine less prolactin

50
Q

mechanism of action of growth hormone

direct

A

GH released from Anterior pituitary

can bind directly GH receptors on body tissue

51
Q

indirect

A

bind to GH recepto on liver
stimulate release of IGF 1
binds to IGF 1 recptors

52
Q

IGF 2

A

more important in developing featus

53
Q

a tumour of PG can also cause

A

to much growth factor or other type of hormone

54
Q

before p

A

if you have that (too much GH from tumour) before puberty- you have gigantism (the thing hasn’t fused at the end of bones) epiphyseal growth plate

55
Q

after

A

you wont grow

56
Q

what happens

A

Acromegaly (excess growth hormone)

57
Q

Symptoms

A 
Coarsening of facial features
   Macroglossia (larger tongue)
   Prominent nose
Large jaw - prognathism
Increased hand and feet size
Sweatiness
Headache
Acromegaly does NOT result in increased height
58
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is called

A

neurohypophysis

59
Q

made up of

A

neuronal tissues

60
Q

what is a nuclues in the hypothalmus

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies

61
Q

what is the blood supply like in the posterior pituitary gland

A

No blood supply

62
Q

releases

A 
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as Anti-diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin
63
Q

how is it connected to hypothalmus

A

Posterior pituitary is anatomically continuous with hypothalamus

64
Q

Hypothalamic magnocellular neurons:

A

Long, originate in supraoptic (AVP) and paraventricular (oxytocin) hypothalamic nuclei
Nuclei → stalk →posterior pituitary

65
Q

Regulation of the posterior pituitary gland

pathway

A

Two sets of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells produce AVP and oxytocin and transport them to the posterior pituitary

(Posterior pituitary hormones:
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as Anti-diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin)

Excitation of these hypothalamic magnocellular neurons stimulates release of AVP or oxytocin into the posterior pituitary where they diffuse into blood capillaries…

…then leave the posterior pituitary via the blood

66
Q

what does vasopressin cause

A

stimulation of water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct
This concentrates urine

67
Q

what other functions

A

Also a vasoconstrictor (via V1 receptor)

Stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary

68
Q

how does it work

A

AVP binds to v2 recptor
Stimulates intracellular signilling cascade
Causes aqua porin 2 to fuse to apical membrane
Water is then reabsorbed to the systemic circulation
Exits through aqyaporin 3 receptors to the blood

69
Q

function of oxytocin

A

Delivery of baby

Milk ejection

70
Q

how does it cause DOB

A

CONTRACTION

of Myometrial cells

71
Q

and ME

A

CONTRACTION

Myoepithelial cells

72
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex arc – milk ejection

A

Mechanical stimulation of nipple & surrounding area activates afferent pathways

Afferent signals integrated in the hypothalamus and stimulate oxytocin-releasing neuron activity

Action potentials travel down oxytocin neurons and oxytocin is secreted into the bloodstream

Increased plasma oxytocin increases milk ejection in mammary glands

73
Q

which 2 hormones stimulate ACTH

A

CRH AVP

both anterior and posterior

74
Q

What questions would you ask a patient in whom you suspect a diagnosis of acromegaly?

A

Have they grown in shoe size
does their wedding ring still fit
do they feel their tongue has got bigger
can they bring and show old photos of them(photo album or phone)
do they have diffculty chewing or swallowing

75
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

sympotms subjective- like fatigue

signns- obvious like rash

76
Q

what causes sweatiness in acromegaly

A

growth factors

77
Q

how to test bitemporal hemianopia without special eqiupment

A

ask patient to close one eye.
ask them to look at your nose
starting from the side of youre head, bring you hand to wards the nose and see when they can see your hand

78
Q

what is a Portal system

A

portal at both ends

79
Q

how to detect if levels are too high

A

suppress the hormone in question

80
Q

for acromegaly

A

Need to give a growth suppressor- glucose
A large dose-
Stop making growth hormone
Oral glucose tolerance test

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