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the pitutary gland Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hormone

A

Hormones

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2
Q

2 diff type of hormones

A

peptide and steriod

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3
Q

how are peptide hormone sythesised

A

Synthesised as prohormones requiring further processing (e.g. cleavage) to activate

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4
Q

storage

A

Stored in vesicles (regulatory secretion)

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5
Q

Receptors

A

Bind receptors on cell membrane and transduce signal using 2nd messenger systems

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6
Q

how are steriod hormones sythesised

A

Synthesised in a series of reactions from cholesterol

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7
Q

Storage

A

Released immediately (constitutive secretion)

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8
Q

Receptors

A

Bind to intracellular receptors to change gene expression directly

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9
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A

Sella turcica (of sphenoid bone)

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10
Q

what dictates the secreation of the anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus

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11
Q

function of Hypothalamic parvocellular neurons

A

regulate anterior pituitary function

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12
Q

are they long or short

A

short

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13
Q

where di they terminate

A

median eminence

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14
Q

what do they relase

A

Release hypothalamic releasing/inhibitory factors

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15
Q

where do they release

A

capillary plexus in median eminence

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16
Q

where do they go

A

hypothalamic regulatory factors carried by portal circulation to anterior pituitary

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17
Q

what are endocrine cells

A

release hormones

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18
Q

what is Anterior pituitary also known as

A

adenohypophysis

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19
Q

made up of

A

Made up of endocrine cells:

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20
Q

how many

A

5 type

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21
Q

what are they

A 
Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
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22
Q

Regulated by

A

hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors via hypophyseal-pituitary portal system

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23
Q

what does the ant P rely on

A

hypothamus, hypothalmo-pitutary portal system

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24
Q

outline the steps in the Hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

A

Axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release hormones (RHs and IHs) into the
hypothalamo-pituitary portal system

The RHs and IHs travel in the portal system to the anterior pituitary

The RHs and IHs stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones (black dots) from anterior pituitary cells

Anterior pituitary hormones leave the gland via the blood

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25
example using regulation of thyroid hormone
Axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH) into hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system TRH travels in the portal system to the anterior pituitary TRH stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotrophin) from anterior pituitary thyrotrophs TSH leaves the gland via the blood to travel to the thyroid gland to stimulate thyroid hormone release (thyroxine)
26
what do SOMATOTROPHS release
Growth hormone | Somatotrophin
27
LACTOTROPHS
Prolactin
28
THYROTROPHS
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotrophin)
29
GONADOTROPHS
``` Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ```
30
CORTICOTROPHS
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone | ACTH, corticotrophin
31
what hormone released by the hypothalmus stimulates release of Growth hormone
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE
32
what inhibits GH
SOMATOSTATIN
33
how is Prolactin regulated
only inhibited by dopmaine
34
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (Thyrotrophin)
THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE
35
``` Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ```
GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE
36
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone | ACTH, corticotrophin
CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE
37
where is/are the receptor/s for growth hormone
liver, muscles, bone | mainly liver
38
Prolactin
Breasts | lactating women
39
Thyrotrophin
Thyroid
40
Gonadotrophins
Testes (males) | Ovaries (females)
41
Adrenocorticotrophic | hormone
Adrenal cortex
42
what is bitemporal hemianopia
Loss of outer part of visual field
43
caused by
Compression of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumour
44
what occurs at optic chiasm
Fibres from the nasal (medial) retinae cross at the optic chiasm
45
so why
tumour prevents transmission of sensory information from lateral visual fields to the occipital lobe
46
What is the name of the bony dish that the pituitary gland sits in?
Sella turcica
47
does m production involves the posterior thalmus
yes involves both anterior and posterior
48
Neuroendocrine reflex arc: milk production
Mechanical stimulation of nipple & surrounding area activates afferent pathways Afferent signals integrated in the hypothalamus and inhibit dopamine release from dopaminergic neurons Less dopamine in the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system causes less inhibition of anterior pituitary lactotrophs Increased plasma prolactin increases milk secretion in mammary glands
49
relationship between prolactin and dopamine
dopamine inhibts prolactin | more dopamine less prolactin
50
mechanism of action of growth hormone | direct
GH released from Anterior pituitary | can bind directly GH receptors on body tissue
51
indirect
bind to GH recepto on liver stimulate release of IGF 1 binds to IGF 1 recptors
52
IGF 2
more important in developing featus
53
a tumour of PG can also cause
to much growth factor or other type of hormone
54
before p
if you have that (too much GH from tumour) before puberty- you have gigantism (the thing hasn’t fused at the end of bones) epiphyseal growth plate
55
after
you wont grow
56
what happens
Acromegaly (excess growth hormone)
57
Symptoms
``` Coarsening of facial features Macroglossia (larger tongue) Prominent nose Large jaw - prognathism Increased hand and feet size Sweatiness Headache Acromegaly does NOT result in increased height ```
58
The posterior pituitary gland is called
neurohypophysis
59
made up of
neuronal tissues
60
what is a nuclues in the hypothalmus
collection of neuronal cell bodies
61
what is the blood supply like in the posterior pituitary gland
No blood supply
62
releases
``` Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as Anti-diuretic hormone) Oxytocin ```
63
how is it connected to hypothalmus
Posterior pituitary is anatomically continuous with hypothalamus
64
Hypothalamic magnocellular neurons:
Long, originate in supraoptic (AVP) and paraventricular (oxytocin) hypothalamic nuclei Nuclei → stalk →posterior pituitary
65
Regulation of the posterior pituitary gland | pathway
Two sets of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells produce AVP and oxytocin and transport them to the posterior pituitary (Posterior pituitary hormones: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) (also known as Anti-diuretic hormone) Oxytocin) Excitation of these hypothalamic magnocellular neurons stimulates release of AVP or oxytocin into the posterior pituitary where they diffuse into blood capillaries… …then leave the posterior pituitary via the blood
66
what does vasopressin cause
stimulation of water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct This concentrates urine
67
what other functions
Also a vasoconstrictor (via V1 receptor) | Stimulates ACTH release from anterior pituitary
68
how does it work
AVP binds to v2 recptor Stimulates intracellular signilling cascade Causes aqua porin 2 to fuse to apical membrane Water is then reabsorbed to the systemic circulation Exits through aqyaporin 3 receptors to the blood
69
function of oxytocin
Delivery of baby | Milk ejection
70
how does it cause DOB
CONTRACTION | of Myometrial cells
71
and ME
CONTRACTION | Myoepithelial cells
72
Neuroendocrine reflex arc – milk ejection
Mechanical stimulation of nipple & surrounding area activates afferent pathways Afferent signals integrated in the hypothalamus and stimulate oxytocin-releasing neuron activity Action potentials travel down oxytocin neurons and oxytocin is secreted into the bloodstream Increased plasma oxytocin increases milk ejection in mammary glands
73
which 2 hormones stimulate ACTH
CRH AVP | both anterior and posterior
74
What questions would you ask a patient in whom you suspect a diagnosis of acromegaly?
Have they grown in shoe size does their wedding ring still fit do they feel their tongue has got bigger can they bring and show old photos of them(photo album or phone) do they have diffculty chewing or swallowing
75
signs vs symptoms
sympotms subjective- like fatigue | signns- obvious like rash
76
what causes sweatiness in acromegaly
growth factors
77
how to test bitemporal hemianopia without special eqiupment
ask patient to close one eye. ask them to look at your nose starting from the side of youre head, bring you hand to wards the nose and see when they can see your hand
78
what is a Portal system
portal at both ends
79
how to detect if levels are too high
suppress the hormone in question
80
for acromegaly
Need to give a growth suppressor- glucose A large dose- Stop making growth hormone Oral glucose tolerance test

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