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cv 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is heart failure (x3)

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): EF ≥ 50%, ↓ diastolic function
Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): EF ≥ 40%, ↓ systolic function

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2
Q

underlying causes

A

Secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy), hypertension, valve disease

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3
Q

Signs & symptoms

A

Exertional dyspnoea

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4
Q

how to test and teh result

A

Blood test: elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly

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5
Q

Treatment options

A

Drugs that reduce the exertional pressure on the heart

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6
Q

what causes a Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ‘systolic’

A

weakedned heart muscle
more dilated
less able to pump blood out of left ventricle

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7
Q

Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)/diastolic heart failuer

A

small area for blood in left ventricle

reasonable amount pumped out

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8
Q

what is a common ecg finding for heart failure

but not always there

A

enlarged qrs
due to increased muscle mass of the heart
causing an increase electric current

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9
Q

what is Atrial fibrillation

A

Disorganised electric activity and contraction

pacemaker cells

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10
Q

Wolff-Parkinson-White

A

Syndrome causing tachycardia & abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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11
Q

what causes atrial fibrillation

A

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

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12
Q

cause of WPW

A

additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

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13
Q

how are both of them shown

A

palpitations and chest pains

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14
Q

how is AF shown on an ecg

A

absent p-waves & ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm.

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15
Q

WPW

A

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic/ inverted T-wave of ECG

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16
Q

treating AF

A

strategies to maintain sinus (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

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17
Q

treating WPW

A

benign, no treatment required

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18
Q

what is 1st degree heart block

A

slowing down of conduction through AV node

longer p r intevral

19
Q

Second-degree block

A

reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

20
Q

Third-degree block

A

complete block of current from atria to ventricles

21
Q

what causes AF and WPW

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (
AV node or His Purkinje system)

22
Q

how is a 1st degree heart block shown on an ecg

A

increased P-R interval

23
Q

2nd degree

A

increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes, depending on type of block

24
Q

Third-degree block

A

: p-waves not followed by QRS complexes

25
Q

Treatment options

A

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

26
Q

what is hypertension

A

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg

27
Q

what is it caused by

A

Primary (essential): unknown

Secondary: resulting from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

28
Q

how is it diagnosed

A

Blood pressure measurement: readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg

29
Q

how do you treat it

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

30
Q

prob with hypertension

A

increase risk of stroke
heart failure
myocardial infarction
kidney disease

31
Q

define angina

A

chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

32
Q

what is Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

A

Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage

33
Q

ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI)

A

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

34
Q

link all 3 conditions together

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)

35
Q

signs and symtoms of angina

A

chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)

36
Q

NSTEMI

A

chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

37
Q

STEMI

A

radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

38
Q

NSTEMI ecg and blood findings

A

ST-depression/no changes & high troponin levels

39
Q

STEMI ECG and blood findings

A

ST-elevation with reciprocal ST-depression & high troponin levels

40
Q

how do you treat angina

A

vasodilators

41
Q

how to treat NSTEMI

A

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

42
Q

STEMI

A

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

43
Q

ecg for angina

A

not a lot of changes on ecg

angina descirbes pain

nuero (36 decks)

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