cv 1

Question 1

what is heart failure (x3)

Answer 1

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): EF ≥ 50%, ↓ diastolic function
Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): EF ≥ 40%, ↓ systolic function

Question 2

underlying causes

Answer 2

Secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy), hypertension, valve disease

Question 3

Signs & symptoms

Answer 3

Exertional dyspnoea

Question 4

how to test and teh result

Answer 4

Blood test: elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly

Question 5

Treatment options

Answer 5

Drugs that reduce the exertional pressure on the heart

Question 6

what causes a Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ‘systolic’

Answer 6

weakedned heart muscle
more dilated
less able to pump blood out of left ventricle

Question 7

Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)/diastolic heart failuer

Answer 7

small area for blood in left ventricle

reasonable amount pumped out

Question 8

what is a common ecg finding for heart failure

but not always there

Answer 8

enlarged qrs
due to increased muscle mass of the heart
causing an increase electric current

Question 9

what is Atrial fibrillation

Answer 9

Disorganised electric activity and contraction

pacemaker cells

Question 10

Wolff-Parkinson-White

Answer 10

Syndrome causing tachycardia & abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

Question 11

what causes atrial fibrillation

Answer 11

Spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

Question 12

cause of WPW

Answer 12

additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and ventricles

Question 13

how are both of them shown

Answer 13

palpitations and chest pains

Question 14

how is AF shown on an ecg

Answer 14

absent p-waves & ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm.

Question 15

WPW

Answer 15

QRS pre-excitation & biphasic/ inverted T-wave of ECG

Question 16

treating AF

Answer 16

strategies to maintain sinus (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

Question 17

treating WPW

Answer 17

benign, no treatment required

Question 18

what is 1st degree heart block

Answer 18

slowing down of conduction through AV node

longer p r intevral

Question 19

Second-degree block

Answer 19

reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

Question 20

Third-degree block

Answer 20

complete block of current from atria to ventricles

Question 21

what causes AF and WPW

Answer 21

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (
AV node or His Purkinje system)

Question 22

how is a 1st degree heart block shown on an ecg

Answer 22

increased P-R interval

Question 23

2nd degree

Answer 23

increased P-R interval or ‘missing’ QRS complexes, depending on type of block

Question 24

Third-degree block

Answer 24

: p-waves not followed by QRS complexes

Question 25

Treatment options

Answer 25

Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

Question 26

what is hypertension

Answer 26

Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg

Question 27

what is it caused by

Answer 27

Primary (essential): unknown | Secondary: resulting from another medical condition (e.g. kidney disease, adrenal disease)

Question 28

how is it diagnosed

Answer 28

Blood pressure measurement: readings ≥ 135/85 mmHg

Question 29

how do you treat it

Answer 29

Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medication

Question 30

prob with hypertension

Answer 30

increase risk of stroke heart failure myocardial infarction kidney disease

Question 31

define angina

Answer 31

chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

Question 32

what is Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

Answer 32

Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage

Question 33

ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Answer 33

Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage

Question 34

link all 3 conditions together

Answer 34

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)

Question 35

signs and symtoms of angina

Answer 35

chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)

Question 36

NSTEMI

Answer 36

chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

Question 37

STEMI

Answer 37

radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea & vomiting

Question 38

NSTEMI ecg and blood findings

Answer 38

ST-depression/no changes & high troponin levels

Question 39

STEMI ECG and blood findings

Answer 39

ST-elevation with reciprocal ST-depression & high troponin levels

Question 40

how do you treat angina

Answer 40

vasodilators

Question 41

how to treat NSTEMI

Answer 41

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

Question 42

STEMI

Answer 42

coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief

Question 43

ecg for angina

Answer 43

not a lot of changes on ecg | angina descirbes pain