structure of airway Flashcards by J A

what is hyperventilation

Excessive ventilation of the lungs atop of metabolic demand (results in reduced PCO2 - alkalosis)
more o2 less co2

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what is tachypnoea

Abnormally fast breathing rate

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tidal volume

normal amount Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

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inspiratory reverse volume

The amount of extra air inhaled — above tidal volume — during a forceful breath in.

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expiritory reserve volume

Your expiratory reserve volume is the amount of extra air — above anormal breath — exhaled during a forceful breath out. T

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residual volume

is the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.

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functional residual capacity

expiritory reserve + residual volume

is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

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what is capacity

sum of 2 or more volumes

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inspiriratory capacity

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME.

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vital capacity

) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

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what is minute ventilation

Gas entering and leaving the lungs

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how do you worl it out

tidal volume * breathing frequency

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what is alveolar ventialtion

gas entering and leaving alveoli

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How do you calculate alveolar ventilation

(tidal volume-dead space) * breathing rate

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factors affecting lung volume and capacity

gender 
body size(height not weight) 
fitness (children of athletic parents have larger lungs)
age 
disease

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what are 2 dead spaces

conducting zone and non-perfused parenchyma

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the conducting zone is equivalent to

anatomical dead space

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how much space should non perfused parenchyma cells take up (aka alveolar dead space)

0mL

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why are they dead space

no gas exchange occurs at those places

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what is the anatomical and alveolar dead space termed as

physiological dead space

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how can you increase the amount of dead space

anaesthetic circuit snorkeling

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decrease

tracheostomy

cricothyrotomy

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what is dead space

Dead space is unable to participate in gas exchange

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how is the chest and lungs connected

The chest wall has a tendency to spring outwards, and the lung has a tendency to recoil inwards

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what are the forces normally

These forces are in equilibrium at end-tidal expiration (functional residual capacity; FRC), which is the ‘neutral’ position of the intact chest.

what pressure changes causes inspiration

Inspiratory muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil

expiration

Chest recoil < lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort

what is the visceral pleura pressure

negative pressure

what is Negative pressure breathing

Palv is reduced below Patm

how is it caused to be negative

diaphragm pulling down and the ribcage out

what is Positive pressure breathing

Patm is increased above Palv

example of negative pressure breathing

normal brething

positive pressure breathing

resusitation cpap machine mechanical ventilation

what are transmural pressures

pressure across membrane

trans respiratory system pressure

describe sventilation decrease alveolar pressure you creeate a negative value so when it is not 0 air is flowing

what is the main driving force in ventilation

diaphragm pulling downwards

Pulmonary ventilation

ventilating entire airways

Alveolar ventilation

= ventilating alveoli

what is the pleural cavity

Pleural cavity is a partial vacuum

what does max ventilation

Maximum ventilation involves full inspiratory muscle recruitment (syringe and bucket handle movement)

dalton law

Pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum (Σ) of the partial pressures (P) of gases in that mixture

fick

Molecules diffuse from regions of high concentration to low concentration at a rate proportional to the concentration gradient (P1-P2), the exchange surface area (A) and the diffusion capacity (D) of the gas, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface (T) v(gas)= a/t * D * (p1-p2)

henry

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

Boyle

At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of that gas

charles

At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature of that gas

what is the gas composition of a house fire

less 02 more c02 more co

in altidue

the composition is the same | but air is "thinner"

changes that occur as you pass down the respiratory tree

WARMED, HUMIDIFIED, SLOWED and MIXED as air passes down the respiratory tree

what happens after o2 binds to haemoglobin

conformational chnage affinity of heamoglobon for o2 increase positive co operation

what can bind in the middle

2 3 dpg

function

facilitates unloading

what type of protien is heamoglobin

allosteric

what are problems with pulse oximeters

they detect o2 binding not o2 concentration | need to know their heamoglobin

how do you shift the o2 dissocitation curve to the right

``` high temp acidosis (bohr effect) (co2 lactic acid) hypercapnia (high co2) more 2 3 DPG (basically exercise) ```

how to shift to the left

``` increase affinity less temp alkalosis hypocapnia less 2 3 dpg ```

how to get a downward shift

anaemia Impaired oxygen-carrying capacity

upward shift

Polycythaemia | Increased oxygen-carrying capacity

what is up or down shift all about

amount of red blood cell to carry o2

what is the down left shift

high HbCO Decreased capacity Increased affinity Less o2 bind and less unloading

what is the difference in affinity of Foetal haemoglobin

Greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from mothers blood in placenta

what is the affinity difference in myoglobin

Much much greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from circulating blood and store it.

instead of deoxygenated what term should be used instead

mixed venous blood

how is carbon dioxide transported in blood

binds with h2o slowly to form h2co3 (non enzymatically) disscoiates into h+ and HCO3-

how can co2 be transported in the red blood cells

same reaction but cataylse of carbonic anhydrase | then hco3- moves out of rbc and chloride moves in

what is significant about the chloride shift

Negative chloride ions enter the RBC to maintain resting membrane potential

what transporter is involved

AE1 transporter

another method

can bind to heamoglobin | carbmenoheamoglobin

is gas exchnage faster for o2 or co2

co2

how does uncontrolled type 1 diabetes cause right shift

production of ketones | acidosis

why doesnt sunbathing cause right switch

because temp refers to temp of your muscles, humans can adapt to temp amd would sweat to combat

list all the diff ways o2 can be trasnported

O2 transported in solution (~2%) or bound to Hb (~98%)

list all diff ways co2 can be transported

CO2 transported in solution, as bicarbonate (HCO3-) and as carbamino compounds (e.g. HbCO2

feotal and myoglobin have a higher or. lower affinity for o2

Foetal Hb and myoglobin have a greater affinity for O2

is expiritory reserve

fake

is expiration greater than isnpiration

yep as tempreture increases