intro to bone

Question 1

What makes up the MSK system?

Answer 1

bone muscle and connective tissue

Question 2

what makes up the connecive tissues

Answer 2

tendons ligaments and cartilage

Question 3

what is the axial skeleton

Answer 3

skull vertebral column and ribcage

Question 4

appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

: pectoral girdle, Upper and Lower Limbs, Pelvic girdle

Question 5

name 5 function of skeleton

Answer 5

support (helps you stand 
protection of vital organs 
movements- work with muscles 
minreal storage- stores calcium and phosphate 
produces blood cell- bone marrow

Question 6

endochondral ossification precoursor

Answer 6

cartilage precoursor from hyaline cartilage

Question 7

where are the 2 ossification centres

Answer 7

primary in the middle of long bone
and secondary at the end
the gap inbetween in the epipyseal plate

Question 8

what happens in endochondral ossification

Answer 8

In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Cartilage does not become bone. Instead, cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone. Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification. Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification.

Question 9

what makes up bones

Answer 9

cells and matrix

Question 10

what are the bone cells

Answer 10

Osteogenic Cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

Question 11

what is the precoursor of all the bone cells

Answer 11

osteogenic

Question 12

what are osteogenic cells

Answer 12

bone stem cell

Question 13

what are osteoblast

Answer 13

bone forming
secreate osteoid
catayle minrealsation of osteoid

Question 14

what are osteoids

Answer 14

which is the unmineralized matrix composed of type I collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 15

function of osteocyte

Answer 15

sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

Question 16

how is it formed

Answer 16

mature bone cell

formed when an osteoblast becomes imbedded in its secreation

Question 17

osteoclast function

Answer 17

bone breaking

dissolve and resorb bonr by phagocytosis

Question 18

origin

Answer 18

bone marrow

Question 19

where can you find osteogenic cells

Answer 19

– Deep layers of periosteum

Question 20

find osteoblasts

Answer 20

– Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

Question 21

osteocytes

Answer 21

– Entrapped in Matrix

Question 22

Osteoclasts

Answer 22

– Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

Question 23

what is teh bone matrix made up of

Answer 23

organic and inorganic components

Question 24

what makes up organic component

Answer 24

type 1 collagen and ground substance

Question 25

what makes up inorganic component

Answer 25

calcium hydroxyapatite | Osteocalcium Phosphate

Question 26

what is the ground substance made if

Answer 26

Proteoglycans Glycoproteins Cytokine and Growth Factors

Question 27

what is the cycle of bones

Answer 27

from immature to mature

Question 28

how are immature bone

Answer 28

First bone that is produced | Laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak

Question 29

how does it form mature bone

Answer 29

Mineralized and replaced by mature bone

Question 30

describe strength and strcuture of mature bone

Answer 30

Mature bone: Mineralized woven bone Lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong

Question 31

what are the types of bone

Answer 31

Cortical, Cancellous

Question 32

what is Cancellous and what is it suitable for

Answer 32

‘Spongy’ – honeycomb structure | Not suitable for weight baring

Question 33

what is Cortical and suited fior

Answer 33

‘Compact’ – dense | Suitable for weight baring

Question 34

where do you find cortical nd cancellous bone

Answer 34

flat bones of the skull | femur

Question 35

what is osteons

Answer 35

unit of bone that makes up cortical bone

Question 36

what are osteons made of

Answer 36

concentric ‘Lamellae’ around a central ‘Haversian Canal’

Question 37

what is the haversian canal /contain

Answer 37

contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

Question 38

what is it made by

Answer 38

osteoblasts but become osteocytes as they become trapped by their own minreal matrix

Question 39

what connects 2 haversian systems together

Answer 39

volkmans canal

Question 40

what orientation

Answer 40

transverse perforating canals

Question 41

what is the structure of a long bone/adult

Answer 41

cortical bone on the outside cancellous bone inside primary ossification centre in centre 2 secondary ossification at each end

Question 42

and a child femur at the end /strcutures

Answer 42

epiphysis physis-> growing area metaphysis diaphysis --> long bone

Question 43

what are 2 ways bones grow

Answer 43

interstital and appositional

Question 44

what is interstitial growth

Answer 44

long bone growth | increasing in lengths

Question 45

apposisstional growth

Answer 45

increasing in diameter

Question 46

where does teh interistital growth occur

Answer 46

at the physis | Zone of elongation in long bone

Question 47

how does appositional growth occur

Answer 47

deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

Question 48

sequence

Answer 48

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel.

Question 49

Calcitonin controls sodium how

Answer 49

– stimulates calcium uptake into bone

Question 50

three classifcation of bones

Answer 50

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

Question 51

cartilage joints have

Answer 51

cartilage inbetween the joint

Question 52

what is special in a synobial joint

Answer 52

synovial fluid secreated in synnovial cavity by a synovial membrane

Question 53

function of Synovial fluid

Answer 53

reduce friction during movement

Question 54

How are synovial joints stabilized?

Answer 54

bone surface ligaments muscle/tendons

Question 55

ligaments in stability

Answer 55

Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint More ligaments and tighter ligaments  greater stability BUT less mobility Less ligaments and laxer ligaments  greater mobility BUT less stability

Question 56

what is poor stability danger of

Answer 56

risk of dislocation

Question 57

what is intramembranous ossification

Answer 57

During intramembranous ossification, compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones) are formed via intramembranous ossification.