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derm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the hair (6)

A 
Protection against external factors
Sebum- oily substance on our skin 
Apocrine sweat
Thermoregulation
Social and sexual interaction
reservior for Epithelial and melanocyte stem cells
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2
Q

what is Terminal hairs

A

scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes, beard

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3
Q

what sort of hair covers the rest of our body

A

vellus hairs

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4
Q

what regions have no hair

A

(except palms, soles, mucosal regions of lips, and external genitalia.

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5
Q

what are the stages to hair cycle (3)

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
(then loss of hair)

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6
Q

what is anagen

A

where new hair forms and grows

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7
Q

catagen

A 
regressing phase(hair is shrinking)
lasts 3 weeks
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8
Q

telogen

A 
resting phase (blood supply removed from hair)
lasts 3 months
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9
Q

what is a hair follicle

A

pilosebaceous follicles

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10
Q

where does the sebaceous gland open

A

at the hair follicle

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11
Q

what sort of muscle is the Arrector pili

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

what orientation is it

A

extends at angle between surface of dermis and point in follicle wall.

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13
Q

Holocrine sebaceous glands which open into the ….

A

pilary canal → in axillae - follicles associated with apocrine glands.

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14
Q

what is the Infundibulum

A

Uppermost portion of the hair follicle extending from opening of sebaceous gland to surface of the skin

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15
Q

what is the sebaceous gland (function)

A

secreates sebum

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16
Q

what is the isthmus

A

Lower portion of upper part of hair follicle between opening of sebaceous gland and insertion of arrector pili muscle

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17
Q

where is the buldge

A

Segment of the outer root sheath located at insertion of arrector pili muscle

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18
Q

what is special about the buldge

A

hair foliicle stem cells reside there

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19
Q

what happens if they migrate downwards

A

generate the new lower anagen hair follicle → enter hair bulb matrix, proliferate and undergo terminal differentiation to form hair shaft and inner root sheath.

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20
Q

and upwards

A

form sebaceous glands and to proliferate in response to wounding

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21
Q

function and location Outer root sheath (ORS)

A

Extends along from the hair bulb to the infundibulum and epidermis serves as a reservoir of stem cells

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22
Q

function of Inner root sheath

A

Guides / shapes hair

Encloses follicular dermal papilla, mucopolysaccharide-rich strome, nerve fiber & capillary loop.

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23
Q

Function of the nails (5)

A

Protection of underlying distal phalanx
Counterpressure effect to pulp important for walking and tactile sensation
Increase dexterity / manipulation of small objects
Enhance sensory discrimination
Facilitate scratching or grooming

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24
Q

how is the nail plate made

A

Final product of proliferation and differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes- lose organelles and become keratin

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25
what is the only visible part of the nail matrix
lunula
26
how does the nail matrix produce the nail plate
Nail matrix keratinocytes differentiate → lose their nuclei and are strictly adherent - cytoplasm completely filled by hard keratins
27
does it contain melanocytes in the matrix
yes
28
what does white or red show on skin
red- inflammation | white- keratin
29
what is Psoriasis
Chronic, immune-mediated disorder
30
can a genetic predispostion cause it
not enough on its own, need enviromental triggers
31
what are the cells involved
involves T-cells and their interactions with dendritic cells and cells involvement in innate immunity, including keratinocytes
32
what does it cause on the skin
(chronic plaque psoriasis) Sharply demarcated, scaly, erythematous plaques characterise the most common form of psoriasis
33
where is it commonly found
of involvement are scalp, elbows and knees, followed by nails, hands, feet and trunk (including intergluteal fold)
34
doe sit just invlove the skin
Psoriatic arthritis is most common systemic manifestation
35
what is the pathophysiology in psoriasis
Stressed keratinocytes release DNA / RNA → form complex with antimicrobial peptides → induce cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1 and IFN-α) production → activate dermal dendritic cells (dDCs)
36
what do the dermal dentrictic cells do
dDCs migrate to lymph nodes → promote Th1, Th17, Th22 cells → chemokine release – migration of inflammatory cells into dermis → cytokine release → keratinocyte proliferation → psoriatic plaque
37
what are the clinical features
plaques/scales, | can occur on the nails
38
what is erythroderma
inflammation that occurs to more than 90% of skin, lose the skin properties like more vunreable to infection
39
what can aggrivate psioris
smoking and drinking
40
how is it managed
Topical therapies like vit d analogs or vit a analogs phototherapy- causes t cell apoptosis narrowing UVB PUVA
41
what is atopic eczema
Intensely pruritic chronic inflammatory condition
42
what is pruritic
causes itching
43
is it enviro or gentic
both
44
when does it start
infancy or early childhood
45
what is the difference between eczema and dermatitis
nothing
46
how to treat
Daily emollients and anti-inflammatory therapy are cornerstone of management
47
what is the function of Filaggrin
bind and aggregate keratin bundles and intermediate filaments to form cellular scaffold in corneocytes
48
what is the diff in the filaggrin with people with eczema
muatated filaggrin
49
function of corneocytes
essential part of skin barrier. property
50
what is a resuolt of this
increase transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
51
what does that cause
Impaired protection against microbes and environmental allergens
52
what causes the inflammation
Staphylococcal superantigens stimulate Th2 lymphocyte responses and subvert T‐reg SPCL find the skin of eczma more hospitable
53
are eosinophils inlvoled
yes
54
what signs/symo of eczema are there in skin
Acute inflammation of cheeks, scalp and extensors in infants
55
and adults/children
Flexural inflammation and lichenification in children and adults thikening of skin due to extensive/chronic ithcing disorded pigmentation exgerrated of normal skin marking
56
what happens when you lose the hydration of the epidermis
less flexible casuing fissuring v painful affect quality of life
57
what is Allergic contact dermatitis
allergic caused by contact with substance
58
what is a feature of Atopic eczema (Impetiginisation) what pathogen causes it
Gold crust | Staphylococcus aureus
59
what is Venous stasis eczema
is a long-term skin condition that affects the lower legs | barrier function lost
60
what are erosions
breaches to epidermis that dont go all the way thru- if they did they would be ulcers
61
what is Eczema | herpeticum
emergency, not to be confused with eczema breakdown of the skin barrie more pron to herpes virus
62
how to treat atopic eczema
``` Lifestyle Emollients (at least 3 times a day) Omission of soap Clinical Nurse Specialist involvement Topical application technique Day treatment Habit reversal(stop them itching) Co-morbidities ```
63
how to tell that it is not due to allergy
Patch testing | Biopsy
64
when would you do biopsy
nipple eczema that dioesnt repsond to treatment | to exclude pagents disease
65
Adverse effects of topical corticosteroids:
Rare: skin atrophy, folliculitis, exacerbation of acne and rosacea, infection Very rare: perioral dermatitis (right), rebound syndrome (tachyphylaxis), allergy (to steroid itself or vehicle) Extremely rare: hormonal imbalance (suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), hirsuitism Adverse effects of topical calcineurin inhibitors: Burning sensation
66
what is the aporcrine gland
a modified suncaoues gland
67
how many layers do soles and palms have
5 (lucidium is only in the soles and palms)
68
the evapouration of sweat which cools you down | epinochyiom
in the exam

nuero (36 decks)

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