cns Flashcards by J A

PNS is composed of

of nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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CNS is composed of

brain and spinal cord

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Brain is comprised

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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what is the forebrain composed of

cerebral hemishperes

diacephalon

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hindbrain compistion

pons medulla cerebellum

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Frontal function

Regulating and initiating motor function, language, cognitive functions (executive function [e.g. planning], attention, memory)

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Parietal

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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Temporal

Processing auditory information

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Occipital

Processing visual information

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what is the inside lobe called

Limbic lobe

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function

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward.

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comprises of

limbic lobeincludes the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

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which lobe lies deep within lateral fissure

Insular cortex

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function

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

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what are the 2 layers of the dura called

periosteal - layer of periosteum

meningeal - durable, dense fibrous membrane

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which epithelial cell produces csf

choroid plexus

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where in the brain

of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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where is the csf found

Occupies ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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what strcuture reabsorbs it

Reabsorbed via arachnoid villi

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to what region

superior sagittal sinus

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4 diff between csf and plasma

Lower pH
less glucose
protein
potassium

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how many regions does teh spine have

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what do segments give rise to

each gives rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves

one from right side
one from left side

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what are the regions

cervical nerves 
thoracic nerves 
lumbar nerves 
sacral nerves 
conccygeal nerve

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how many segmensts does cevical have

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

coccygeal

where do the nerves emerge from

through intervertebral foramina

where do nerves c1-c7 emerge

above vertebrae

and Nerves C8-Co1

emerge below vertebrae

why is the Cervical enlargement

innervation of upper limbs

why is Lumbar enlargement

innervation of lower limbs

Major pathway for voluntary movement is the

corticospinal tract

composed of

upper and lower motor nuerons

where are the upper motor nuerons

primary motor cortex

lower m n

brainstem and spinal cord

is it a ascending or de pathway

descending

what is the main pathway for bringing sensation from the body to the brain

dorsal column pathway | spinothalamic tract

what does the spinothalamic pathway function

pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin.

and Dorsal column pathway

fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position

are theu ascending or descending

are they motor or sensory

sensory

when are lower motor nuerons in brainstem

if they are going to the head or neck muscles

and if the l m b in spinal cord

muscle of truck and limb

lateral corticospinal tract supply

limb muscles

anterior corticospinal tract supply

truck muscles

what is the pathway that goes from primary motor cortex to the muscle of the face

corticobulbar tract

Vestibulospinal tract function

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustmentst

Tectospinal

orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

Reticulospinal

control of breathing and emotional motor function

Rubrospinal

- innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

where is the primary motor cortex

pre central gyrus

post central gyrus houses what

Primary somatosensory cortex

First synapse of the gracile tract is

in the gracile nucleus

First synapse of the cuneate tract

is in the cuneate nucleus

how many nuerons do the sensory pathway have

where does its first one have its cell body

dorsal root ganglion

2nd one has cell body where

medulla | in gracile or cuneate nuclues

where is the 3rd nueron

thalmus

the 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the

somatosensory cortex

Size of somatotopic areas is proportional to

density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus

spinothalmic tract pathway

primary motor neurone coming into the spinal cord second order neurone crossing nto the other side third order nuerone from thalmus to the brain

difference between spinothalmic tract and dorsal tract

primary nuerone comes into dorsal horn synapses onto second order nuerone on the level it comes in crosses over into other side §

lateral spinothalamic tract sensation

Pain and temperature sensations ascend

anterior spinothalamic tract

Crude touch

how the spinal nerve break down

dorsal/ventral root to d/v rootlets

what do all secondary nuerons do

synapse | switch side

what are ascending tracts

neural pathways by which sensory information from the peripheral nerves is transmitted to the cerebral cortex.

how many order nuerons do they have

what are the 2 pathways signals travel through the dorsal column

fasciculus cuneatus | fasciculus gracilis

where do the dorsal coloumn nuerons desscuate/cross over and synapse

medulla (either in the nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus)

where do the 3rd order nuerones begin

thalamus

where do the signals go from the thalamus

third order neurones transmit the sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

in an lesion to the spinal cord affecting dorsal column will where the sensory loss will be

ipsilateral same side | as they cross over/decussation occurs in the medulla oblongata

major difference in spinothalamic tract and dorsal

The first order neurone decussate in at the tip of the dorsal horn

where do the 2nd nuerons go

thalamus

what sensation enters the anterior spinothalamic tract.

Crude touch and pressure fibres

lateral spinothalamic tract.

Pain and temperature fibres

what do the 3rd order nuerones do

The third order neurones carry the sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain

what would the sensory loss to a lesion. affecting the stt

this sensory loss will be contralateral (the spinothalamic tracts decussate within the spinal cord).

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes, including the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm, and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech.

so a stroke to primary motor cortex can affect

it affects the ability of the brain to control the body's movement.

Signals from the upper limb (T6 and above) (in dorsal) travel via which pathway

fasciculus cuneatus

Signals from the lower limb (below T6) – travel in the

fasciculus gracilis