Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of…

A

two cerebral hemispheres, the brainstem, the cerebellum and the spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of…

A

the nerve fibres originating from the CNS.

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3
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Responsible for executive functions such as personality

voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions.

Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to plan, organise, initiate, self-monitor and control one’s responses in order to achieve a goal

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4
Q

Parietal

A

Contains the somatic sensory cortex responsible for processing tactile information

One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system.

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5
Q

Temporal

A

Contains important structures such as the hippocampus (short term memory), the amygdala (behaviour) and Wernicke’s area (auditory perception & speech)

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6
Q

Occipital

A

Processing of visual information

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7
Q

The brainstem consists of

A

the midbrain, pons and the medulla

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8
Q

what order

A

descending order

midbrain highest
medulla lowest

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9
Q

cerebellum function

A

motor coordination, balance and posture.

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10
Q

Unipolar cells

A

1 axonal projection

0—-0

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11
Q

Psuedo-unipolar

A

Single axonal projection that divides into two
0
0—-1—-0

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12
Q

Bipolar

A

2 projections from cell body

0—–0—–0
1 axon
1 dendron

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13
Q

Multipolar

A

Numerous projections from cell body

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14
Q

how many axons and dendrite

A

only 1 is axon rest is dendrite

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15
Q

types of multipolar

A

Pyramidal cells
Purkinje cells
Golgi cells

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16
Q

what is the cell body known as and what does it contain

A

Soma, perikaryon
nuclues and ribosomes
Neurofilaments

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17
Q

what are Neurofilaments

A

structure & transport

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18
Q

what is an axon

A

single projection from cell body/originates from soma at axon hillock

Can branch off into ‘collaterals’

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19
Q

what are they covered in

A

Usually covered in myelin

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20
Q

structure in dendrites

A

Highly branched cell body

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21
Q

are they covered in myelin

22
Q

function

A

Receive signals from other neurons

23
Q

most abundant cell in mammilian brain

A

Astrocytes

24
Q

function

A

structural cells and are known to play an important role in cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal maturation and plasticity.

25
what are oligodendrocytes
are the myelin producing cells of the CNS,
26
Schwann cells
same function in the PNS.
27
differences
oligodendrocyte is capable of myelinating a number of axons a Schwann cell only myelinates a single axonal segment.
28
Microglia function | and similarty to what other cell
microglial cells are specialised cells that are similar to macrophages and they perform immune functions in the CNS
29
Ependyma function and what sort of cell
epithelial cells that line the fluid filled ventricles regulating the production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid.
30
what are the major physiological ions in cns
potassium sodium chloride calcium
31
are the cell membranes permeable to those
- impermeable to these ions  transportation regulated by channels & pumps
32
what conc is highest outside the cell
Na+ & Cl-
33
highest inside
K+
34
where is calcium greatest
extracellular
35
what is the resting potential inside the cell
-50 to -90 | = -70mv
36
which channels are closed closed
Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs | voltage-gated K+ channels (VGKCs
37
Membrane depolarisation change
- opening of VGSC  Na+ influx  further depolarisation
38
membrane repolarisation
VGKCs opens at a slower rate and causes  efflux of K+ from cell
39
why is sodium open faster
it is faster to open
40
last dip in graph
hyperpolarisation
41
how is it restored back
sodium potassium pump
42
what sort of movement
active, na pumped out | k enters
43
next
na k pump back to resting state- na enters | k leaves
44
what is Saltatory conduction
ap can jump across areas of no myelin faster
45
what does mylein do
prevents AP spreading because it has - high resistance & low capacitance
46
Nodes of Ranvier
- Small gaps of myelin intermittently along axon:
47
The synapse position
is a junction consisting of a pre-synaptic nerve terminal separated from the postsynaptic cell by an extracellular space known as the synaptic cleft
48
nuerotrasnmition at a synapse
Propagation of the action potential (AP) AP is propagated by VGSCs opening Na+ influx  membrane depolarisation  AP ‘moves along’ neurone VGKC opening  K+ efflux  repolarisation
49
next part
AP opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at presynaptic terminal Ca2+ influx  vesicle exocytosis
50
and then
NT dissociates from receptor and can be: Metabolised by enzymes in synaptic cleft Recycled by transporter proteins
51
lastly
NT binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane | Receptors modulate post-synaptic activity
52
what happens to teh nt
broken down by enzymes and enters back into pre synaptic terminal c enzyme not always needed, it can enter back into the pre synamitic terminal directly