The pancreas

Question 1

where can the pancreas be found anatomically

Answer 1

vertebral level L1/L2

Question 2

what is acinar secretion controlled by

Answer 2

duodenal neuroendocrine cell secretion

Question 3

in histology of the pancreas how do acinar cells present

Answer 3

darkest pink

Question 4

what are the main 4 cell types of the endocrine pancreas

Answer 4

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells

Question 5

How many cell types make up the endocrine pancreas

Answer 5

4

Question 6

the 4 main cell types that make up the endocrine pancreas form structures called what

Answer 6

islets of langerhans

Question 7

what do A (alpha) cells secrete

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

What do B (beta) cells secrete

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

WHat do D (delta) cells secrete?

Answer 9

Somastatin

Question 10

WHat do F cells secrete

Answer 10

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 11

in histology what do the islet of langerhans look like

Answer 11

like an island of endocrine tissue sitting ina sea of exocrine tissue

Question 12

Insulin gene encodes what

Answer 12

preproinsulin

Question 13

what happens to preproinsulin

Answer 13

cleaved to the bioactive peptide, insulin, in secretory granules

Question 14

final cleavage of insulin produces equimolar amounts of what

Answer 14

C peptides

Question 15

where are the three sites of insulin synthesis

Answer 15

ER
Golgi
trans-golgi

Question 16

what is the stimulus for beta cells to secrete insulin

Answer 16

rising levels of glucose

Question 17

when glucose levels rise in the blood, it begins to make its way into beta cells through what

Answer 17

GLUT 2

Question 18

what channel in insulin release does ATP inhibit

Answer 18

K channel

Question 19

in insulin release what does M3R do

Answer 19

Increase ca2+ levels

Question 20

what inhibits insulin release

Answer 20

noradrenaline, adrenaline
somastatin

Question 21

no insulin is produced when plasma glucose is below…

Answer 21

2.8mmol-1

Question 22

What does the glucagon gene encode

Answer 22

preproglucagon

Question 23

Glucagon causes release of what other hormone

Answer 23

glycogen

Question 24

preproglucagon is secreted from what

Answer 24

secretory granules

Question 25

in normal/high glucagon release, what transporter helps glucose into the cell

Answer 25

GLUT1

Question 26

The presence of glucose (in normal/high glucagon release) activates it to change to GDP and then to

Answer 26

ATP

Question 27

In normal/high glucagon release, what causes the K+ channel to stay closed

Answer 27

ATP presence ATP is constantly sending a depolarisation message

Question 28

in normal/high glucagon release glucagon wnt undergo

Answer 28

exocytosis

Question 29

in low glucagon release there is a reduction in

Answer 29

low extracellular plasma glucose concentration

Question 30

ain low glucagon release, a reduction in extracellular plasma glucose concentration will result in

Answer 30

low intracellular ATP concentration

Question 31

in low glucagon release, low intracellular ATP concentration causes what

Answer 31

inhibition of channels is relieved so K+ channel will open, allowing for hyperpolarisation of K+

Question 32

in low glucagon release what does the hyperpolarisation of K+cause

Answer 32

allows Ca2+ to enter the cell down its concentration gradient

Question 33

in low glucagon release, when Ca2+ enters the cell down its concentration gradient, what does this cause

Answer 33

exocytosis of glucagon from secretary vesicles

Question 34

in beta cells, adrenaline acts primarily on what

Answer 34

alpha 1 adrenoreceptors

Question 35

alpha cells primarily express what

Answer 35

beta 2 adrenoreceptors

Question 36

what condition stimulates release of glucagon

Answer 36

hypoglycaemia

Question 37

what condition inhibits release of glucagon

Answer 37

hyperglycaemia

Question 38

what are two water soluble hormones in the pancreas

Answer 38

insulin and glucagon

Question 39

what is the general effect of somastatin

Answer 39

inhibitory

Question 40

what causes decreased gut motility and secretion

Answer 40

somastatin

Question 41

somatostatin inhibits release of what three enteroendocrine

Answer 41

gastrin CCK GIP

Question 42

what inhibits release of insulin and glucagon secretion

Answer 42

somastatin

Question 43

why are F cells released

Answer 43

released in response to protein rich meals, lw blood glucose

Question 44

what do F cells inhibit

Answer 44

gall bladder contraction pancreatic exocrine product secretion

Question 45

what cell inhibits gall bladder contraction and exocrine product secretion

Answer 45

F cells