HPA

Question 1

what is the most dominant part of the endocrine system

Answer 1

hypothalamic pituitary axis

Question 2

HPA regulates the function of what

Answer 2

function of the thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands

Question 3

pituitary gland is the extension of what

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 4

front centre of skull

Question 5

how many cell types is the anterior pituitary made up of

Answer 5

5

Question 6

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

Answer 6

6

Question 7

where does the anterior pituitary receive innervation from

Answer 7

paracellular neurons

Question 8

anterior pituitary releases hormones so is known as what

Answer 8

hypophysiotropic

Question 9

what are the 2 nuclei on the posterior pituitary

Answer 9

supraoptic and paraventricular

Question 10

what is the posterior pituitary responsible for

Answer 10

synthesis, package, transport, and storage by the nucleus of hormones

Question 11

how is the neurohypophysis developed

Answer 11

downgrowth of the forebrain

Question 12

how is adenohypophysis developed

Answer 12

oral ectoderm of the roof of stomodeum

Question 13

what does Rathke’s pouch do in the development of the pituitary gland

Answer 13

wraps next to infundibulim

Question 14

when is the development of the pituitary gland finished

Answer 14

11-12 weeks in utero

Question 15

what are the 5 cells of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 15

somatotropes
corticotropes
thyrotropes
gonadotropes
lactotropes

Scott
Can
Thrust
Grannies
Legs

Question 16

how many hormones are releases in the posterior pituitary

Answer 16

2

Question 17

what side are anterior and pituitary on

Answer 17

left and right

Question 18

what is the vascular supply of the pituitary gland

Answer 18

super hypophyseal artery
hypophyseal portal veins
secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

Question 19

what is the anterior pituitary innervated by

Answer 19

paracellular neurons

Question 20

what neurons is the posterior pituitary supplied by

Answer 20

magnocellular neurons

Question 21

what are the 2 kinds of magnocellular neurons

Answer 21

supraoptic nuclei
paraventricular nuclei

Question 22

in the hypothalamus, what hormone does supraoptic nuclei release

Answer 22

ADH

Question 23

In the hypothalamus what does the paraventricular nucleus release

Answer 23

oxytocin

Question 24

What is ADH known as (2)

Answer 24

vasopressin
AVP

Question 25

what is the role of ADH

Answer 25

reduces urine output vasoconstriction blood pressure increases

Question 26

what is ADH secretion stimulated by

Answer 26

Increased plasma osmolality Decrease in blood pressure Stress Pain

Question 27

(physiological effect) in presence of ADH...

Answer 27

urine flow decreases and urine output osmolality increases

Question 28

(physiological effect) in absence of ADH

Answer 28

urine flow increases and urine osmolality decreases

Question 29

increased ADH secretion induces what

Answer 29

vasoconstriction in arterioles

Question 30

increased ADH secretion does what to cardiac output

Answer 30

bradycardia

Question 31

ADH disorders - abnormally high ADH leads to

Answer 31

high urine osmolality oedema (due to high plasma volume) increased water tension low plasma osmolality

Question 32

abnormally low circulating ADH leads to

Answer 32

diabetes insipidus low urine osmolality

Question 33

what hormone is responsible for stimulating breastmilk

Answer 33

oxytocin

Question 34

secretion of oxytocin is stimulated by

Answer 34

suckling vaginal stimulation during labour crying of an infant

Question 35

Vaginal stimulation during childbirth induces what feedback loop of what hormone

Answer 35

positive feedback loop - oxytocin

Question 36

where does oxytocin feedback to during child birth

Answer 36

positive feedback of the hypothalamus

Question 37

what does TSH regulates via what

Answer 37

regulates thyroid function via TSH receptor

Question 38

TSH is an example of what class of hormone

Answer 38

adenohypophysis

Question 39

where is the TSH receptor

Answer 39

thyroid epithelial cells

Question 40

TSH stimulates release of what and from where

Answer 40

T3 and T4 thyroid gland

Question 41

What do T3 and T4 support

Answer 41

tropic affects on growth and metabolism

Question 42

where do T3 and T4 feedback to and what type of feedback

Answer 42

negative hypothalamus

Question 43

LH and FSH are an example of what class of hormones

Answer 43

adenohypophysis

Question 44

what do LH and FSH regulate and via what

Answer 44

function of gonads in males and females FSH and LH receptors on the gonads

Question 45

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is responsible for stimulating what

Answer 45

adrenal cortex via MC2R receptor

Question 46

when ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex via MC2R receptors induces what

Answer 46

upregulation of circulating cortisol and adrenal androgen

Question 47

what type of feedback is induced by released cortisol and what does it inhibit

Answer 47

negative ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary

Question 48

steroid hormones help control blood levels of what

Answer 48

blood glucose and inflammatory

Question 49

what does the growth hormone regulate and via what

Answer 49

regulates metabolism via GH receptor in the liver

Question 50

(IGF-1) feedbacks how and on what

Answer 50

negative production and secretion of GH

Question 51

what is responsible for the manufacture of breast milk

Answer 51

prolactin

Question 52

what does prolactin stimulate and via what

Answer 52

stimulates manufacture of breast milk via reduced release of dopamine from the paricellular hypothalamic neurons

Question 53

what feedback do tropic hormones facilitate and where

Answer 53

tropic hormones induce release of their target organs/endocrine glands

Question 54

GH leads to the production of what

Answer 54

insulin

Question 55

a pituitary tumour will secrete what

Answer 55

low levels of FSH and LH

Question 56

Adenohypophysis is responsible for the release of what 6 hormones

Answer 56

GH Prolactin FSH LH TSH ACTH

Question 57

Adenohypophysis is a

Answer 57

true endocrine organ

Question 58

Neurohypophysis is made up of what tissue

Answer 58

neural tissue