HPA Flashcards
what is the most dominant part of the endocrine system
hypothalamic pituitary axis
HPA regulates the function of what
function of the thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands
pituitary gland is the extension of what
hypothalamus
where is the pituitary gland located
front centre of skull
how many cell types is the anterior pituitary made up of
5
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
6
where does the anterior pituitary receive innervation from
paracellular neurons
anterior pituitary releases hormones so is known as what
hypophysiotropic
what are the 2 nuclei on the posterior pituitary
supraoptic and paraventricular
what is the posterior pituitary responsible for
synthesis, package, transport, and storage by the nucleus of hormones
how is the neurohypophysis developed
downgrowth of the forebrain
how is adenohypophysis developed
oral ectoderm of the roof of stomodeum
what does Rathke’s pouch do in the development of the pituitary gland
wraps next to infundibulim
when is the development of the pituitary gland finished
11-12 weeks in utero
what are the 5 cells of the anterior pituitary gland
somatotropes
corticotropes
thyrotropes
gonadotropes
lactotropes
Scott
Can
Thrust
Grannies
Legs
how many hormones are releases in the posterior pituitary
2
what side are anterior and pituitary on
left and right
what is the vascular supply of the pituitary gland
super hypophyseal artery
hypophyseal portal veins
secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system
what is the anterior pituitary innervated by
paracellular neurons
what neurons is the posterior pituitary supplied by
magnocellular neurons
what are the 2 kinds of magnocellular neurons
supraoptic nuclei
paraventricular nuclei
in the hypothalamus, what hormone does supraoptic nuclei release
ADH
In the hypothalamus what does the paraventricular nucleus release
oxytocin
What is ADH known as (2)
vasopressin
AVP
what is the role of ADH
reduces urine output
vasoconstriction
blood pressure increases
what is ADH secretion stimulated by
Increased plasma osmolality
Decrease in blood pressure
Stress
Pain
(physiological effect) in presence of ADH…
urine flow decreases and urine output osmolality increases
(physiological effect) in absence of ADH
urine flow increases and urine osmolality decreases
increased ADH secretion induces what
vasoconstriction in arterioles
increased ADH secretion does what to cardiac output
bradycardia
ADH disorders - abnormally high ADH leads to
high urine osmolality
oedema (due to high plasma volume) increased water tension
low plasma osmolality
abnormally low circulating ADH leads to
diabetes insipidus
low urine osmolality
what hormone is responsible for stimulating breastmilk
oxytocin
secretion of oxytocin is stimulated by
suckling
vaginal stimulation during labour
crying of an infant
Vaginal stimulation during childbirth induces what feedback loop of what hormone
positive feedback loop - oxytocin
where does oxytocin feedback to during child birth
positive feedback of the hypothalamus
what does TSH regulates via what
regulates thyroid function
via TSH receptor
TSH is an example of what class of hormone
adenohypophysis
where is the TSH receptor
thyroid epithelial cells
TSH stimulates release of what and from where
T3 and T4
thyroid gland
What do T3 and T4 support
tropic affects on growth and metabolism
where do T3 and T4 feedback to and what type of feedback
negative
hypothalamus
LH and FSH are an example of what class of hormones
adenohypophysis
what do LH and FSH regulate and via what
function of gonads in males and females
FSH and LH receptors on the gonads
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is responsible for stimulating what
adrenal cortex via MC2R receptor
when ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex via MC2R receptors induces what
upregulation of circulating cortisol and adrenal androgen
what type of feedback is induced by released cortisol and what does it inhibit
negative
ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary
steroid hormones help control blood levels of what
blood glucose and inflammatory
what does the growth hormone regulate and via what
regulates metabolism
via GH receptor in the liver
(IGF-1) feedbacks how and on what
negative
production and secretion of GH
what is responsible for the manufacture of breast milk
prolactin
what does prolactin stimulate and via what
stimulates manufacture of breast milk via reduced release of dopamine from the paricellular hypothalamic neurons
what feedback do tropic hormones facilitate and where
tropic hormones
induce release of their target organs/endocrine glands
GH leads to the production of what
insulin
a pituitary tumour will secrete what
low levels of FSH and LH
Adenohypophysis is responsible for the release of what 6 hormones
GH
Prolactin
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
Adenohypophysis is a
true endocrine organ
Neurohypophysis is made up of what tissue
neural tissue
