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Yr 3 > Regulation of the GI tract > Flashcards

Regulation of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is an endocrine signal

A

a signal which acts on distal cells to exert its effect through the blood

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2
Q

what is a paracrine signal

A

a cellular signal which acts very locally to exert its affects through diffusion

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3
Q

what is lumen

A

the bore of a tubular structure
(insides of the small intestine)

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4
Q

what is secretogogue

A

luminal contents of the GI tract
activate receptors or trasnporters on endorcrine cells

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5
Q

what role does the duodenem play

A

absoprtion and digestion

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6
Q

in the enteroendocrine system, peptides acr as endocrine, paracrine, or neurocrine (neurotransmitter) signals to…

A

stimulate secretion
stimulate emptying
stimulate growth
stimulate motility

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7
Q

what 3 families are part of the enteroendocrine system
and what do they all share

A

gastrin
secretin
motilin
morphology (all look the same)

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8
Q

the difference in location of enteroendocrine cells is due to what

A

what secretagogues theyre responding to and what theyre secreting

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9
Q

where are G cells primarily expressed
and what is their functioon

A

stomach
help secrete hydrogen ions (acidic)

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10
Q

where are S cells located
and what is their function

A

duodenum
(secretin) primarily stimulates bicarbonate rich fluid - helps neutralise content from the stomach

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11
Q

what 4 main areas is the stomach consisted of
(BPFC)

A

Fundus
Cardia
Body
Pylorus (antrum and canal)

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12
Q

how many phases of gastric function are there

A

3

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13
Q

what are the three phases of gastric function when eating
CGI

A

cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

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14
Q

the stomach is rich in what kind of enteroendocrine cells

A

G cells

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15
Q

what is the role of the cephalic stage in eating

A

uptake in digestion enzymes
drive increase secretion of digestive hormones and hormones like G cells

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16
Q

what is the role of the gastric phase when eating

A

distention occurs and secretagogues

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17
Q

what is the role of intestinal stage when eating

A

tipping contents into small intestine to continue digestion

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18
Q

secretion of H+ forms what kind of cells

A

parietal cells

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19
Q

where are parietal cells located

A

crypts lining epithelial in stomach

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20
Q

secretion of H+ form parietal cells through one of hoe many routes

A

3

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21
Q

what are the names of the three routes that secretion of H+ can form parietal cells

A

histamine stimulated secretion
neuronal stimulation by the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system
hormonal stimulation by gastrin

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22
Q

in the Cephalic phase
what stimulates the vagus nerve to initiate H+ secretion

A

smell and sight of food

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23
Q

in the cephalic phase,
the smell and sight of food stimulates what

A

the vagus nerve to initiate H+ secretion

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24
Q

In the cephalic phase
the secretion of H+ by the vagus nerve forms what and why

A

HCl in anticipation of the incoming meal

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25
Q

in the gastric phase
the distention of the stomach and secretagogues further increase what

A

H+ release

26
Q

in the gastric phase
what further increases H+ release

A

distention of stomach and secretagogues

27
Q

in the intestinal phase
a decrease in what, leads to reduction in gastrin secretion

A

peptides and amino acids
reduced distention

28
Q

the exocrine pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes in what part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

29
Q

what stimulates the tipping of bicarbonate fluid into pancreatic ducts

A

activity of S and I cells

30
Q

where is secretin secreted from

A

S cells in bot
duodenum and jejenum

31
Q

S sells stimulates to secrete secretin by fall of what

A

pH

32
Q

what is secreted by S cells due to a fall in pH

A

secretin

33
Q

Secretin stimulates the release of

A

bicarbonate rich fluid from pancreas into the duodenum
mucus from the stomach

34
Q

where are other places that have secretin receptors in the body

A

cerebellum
hippocampus
kidneys

35
Q

where is CCK secreted from

A

I cells in the duodenum ND JEJENUM

36
Q

I cells stimulate secretion of CCK by

A

ingested protein and fats entering the duodenum

37
Q

CCK stimulates release of what to help aid digestion

A

pancreatic lipases
pancreatic proteases

38
Q

why does CCK stimulates release of pancreatic lipases and pancreatic proteases

A

to help aid digestion

39
Q

CCK stimulates the gall bladder to..

A

contract to help facilitate movement of bile acids

40
Q

CCK also stimulates the vagal afferents to …

A

help recognise when you are full

41
Q

How and where is motilin secreted

A

M cells in the duodenum and jejenum

42
Q

M cells stimulate secretion of motilin by what

A

alkalisation of the duodenum and jejunum

43
Q

what does motilin stimulate

A

MMC
gastric emptying
gallbladder emptying

44
Q

what is the main function of ghrelin

A

drives you to eat food

45
Q

where and how is ghrelin secreted

A

P/D1 cells
in the fundus of the stomach

46
Q

what pathways does ghrelin stimulate

A

orexigenic pathways

47
Q

ingestion of food stimulates secretion of what hormone

A

insulin

48
Q

enteroendocrine hormones play a role in stimulating insulin secretion by releasing what 2 incretins

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

49
Q

Dulaglutide and semaglutide stimulate release of what in the pancreas

A

beta cells

50
Q

where is GIP secreted from

A

K cells in the duodenum and jejunum

51
Q

GIP causes what

A

inhibition of gastric acid seceretion
reduced intestinal motility
insulin secretion

52
Q

GLP-1 is secreted from where

A

L cells
in the ileum and intestines (small and large)

53
Q

L cells stimulate secretion GLP-1 by

A

fats and glucose entering the ileum and large(and small) intestine

54
Q

K cells stimulate to secrete GIP by

A

protein, long chain fatty acids, mono/disaccharides, fats and glucose i n entering the small intestine

55
Q

GLP-1 causes what secretion

A

insulin secretion
reduction in glucagon secretion
satiety

56
Q

GLP-1 manages what kind of concentration in the blood

A

blood glucose concentration

57
Q

GI peptides can stimulate tropic effects where

A

GI tract

58
Q

what does gastrin do do gastrin mucosa

A

growth and differentiation

59
Q

what does CCK stimulate to maintain

A

growth of pancreatic acinar cells

60
Q

secretin inhibitts growth of what

A

inhibits pancreatic ductal cell growth

61
Q

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) stimulates growth of what

A

ductal cell growth

62
Q

what stimulates growth in the small and large intestines

A

GLP-2

Yr 3 (15 decks)

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