Regulation of the GI tract

Question 1

what is an endocrine signal

Answer 1

a signal which acts on distal cells to exert its effect through the blood

Question 2

what is a paracrine signal

Answer 2

a cellular signal which acts very locally to exert its affects through diffusion

Question 3

what is lumen

Answer 3

the bore of a tubular structure
(insides of the small intestine)

Question 4

what is secretogogue

Answer 4

luminal contents of the GI tract
activate receptors or trasnporters on endorcrine cells

Question 5

what role does the duodenem play

Answer 5

absoprtion and digestion

Question 6

in the enteroendocrine system, peptides acr as endocrine, paracrine, or neurocrine (neurotransmitter) signals to…

Answer 6

stimulate secretion
stimulate emptying
stimulate growth
stimulate motility

Question 7

what 3 families are part of the enteroendocrine system
and what do they all share

Answer 7

gastrin
secretin
motilin
morphology (all look the same)

Question 8

the difference in location of enteroendocrine cells is due to what

Answer 8

what secretagogues theyre responding to and what theyre secreting

Question 9

where are G cells primarily expressed
and what is their functioon

Answer 9

stomach
help secrete hydrogen ions (acidic)

Question 10

where are S cells located
and what is their function

Answer 10

duodenum
(secretin) primarily stimulates bicarbonate rich fluid - helps neutralise content from the stomach

Question 11

what 4 main areas is the stomach consisted of
(BPFC)

Answer 11

Fundus
Cardia
Body
Pylorus (antrum and canal)

Question 12

how many phases of gastric function are there

Answer 12

3

Question 13

what are the three phases of gastric function when eating
CGI

Answer 13

cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

Question 14

the stomach is rich in what kind of enteroendocrine cells

Answer 14

G cells

Question 15

what is the role of the cephalic stage in eating

Answer 15

uptake in digestion enzymes
drive increase secretion of digestive hormones and hormones like G cells

Question 16

what is the role of the gastric phase when eating

Answer 16

distention occurs and secretagogues

Question 17

what is the role of intestinal stage when eating

Answer 17

tipping contents into small intestine to continue digestion

Question 18

secretion of H+ forms what kind of cells

Answer 18

parietal cells

Question 19

where are parietal cells located

Answer 19

crypts lining epithelial in stomach

Question 20

secretion of H+ form parietal cells through one of hoe many routes

Answer 20

3

Question 21

what are the names of the three routes that secretion of H+ can form parietal cells

Answer 21

histamine stimulated secretion
neuronal stimulation by the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system
hormonal stimulation by gastrin

Question 22

in the Cephalic phase
what stimulates the vagus nerve to initiate H+ secretion

Answer 22

smell and sight of food

Question 23

in the cephalic phase,
the smell and sight of food stimulates what

Answer 23

the vagus nerve to initiate H+ secretion

Question 24

In the cephalic phase
the secretion of H+ by the vagus nerve forms what and why

Answer 24

HCl in anticipation of the incoming meal

Question 25

in the gastric phase the distention of the stomach and secretagogues further increase what

Answer 25

H+ release

Question 26

in the gastric phase what further increases H+ release

Answer 26

distention of stomach and secretagogues

Question 27

in the intestinal phase a decrease in what, leads to reduction in gastrin secretion

Answer 27

peptides and amino acids reduced distention

Question 28

the exocrine pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes in what part of the small intestine

Answer 28

duodenum

Question 29

what stimulates the tipping of bicarbonate fluid into pancreatic ducts

Answer 29

activity of S and I cells

Question 30

where is secretin secreted from

Answer 30

S cells in bot duodenum and jejenum

Question 31

S sells stimulates to secrete secretin by fall of what

Answer 31

pH

Question 32

what is secreted by S cells due to a fall in pH

Answer 32

secretin

Question 33

Secretin stimulates the release of

Answer 33

bicarbonate rich fluid from pancreas into the duodenum mucus from the stomach

Question 34

where are other places that have secretin receptors in the body

Answer 34

cerebellum hippocampus kidneys

Question 35

where is CCK secreted from

Answer 35

I cells in the duodenum ND JEJENUM

Question 36

I cells stimulate secretion of CCK by

Answer 36

ingested protein and fats entering the duodenum

Question 37

CCK stimulates release of what to help aid digestion

Answer 37

pancreatic lipases pancreatic proteases

Question 38

why does CCK stimulates release of pancreatic lipases and pancreatic proteases

Answer 38

to help aid digestion

Question 39

CCK stimulates the gall bladder to..

Answer 39

contract to help facilitate movement of bile acids

Question 40

CCK also stimulates the vagal afferents to ...

Answer 40

help recognise when you are full

Question 41

How and where is motilin secreted

Answer 41

M cells in the duodenum and jejenum

Question 42

M cells stimulate secretion of motilin by what

Answer 42

alkalisation of the duodenum and jejunum

Question 43

what does motilin stimulate

Answer 43

MMC gastric emptying gallbladder emptying

Question 44

what is the main function of ghrelin

Answer 44

drives you to eat food

Question 45

where and how is ghrelin secreted

Answer 45

P/D1 cells in the fundus of the stomach

Question 46

what pathways does ghrelin stimulate

Answer 46

orexigenic pathways

Question 47

ingestion of food stimulates secretion of what hormone

Answer 47

insulin

Question 48

enteroendocrine hormones play a role in stimulating insulin secretion by releasing what 2 incretins

Answer 48

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Question 49

Dulaglutide and semaglutide stimulate release of what in the pancreas

Answer 49

beta cells

Question 50

where is GIP secreted from

Answer 50

K cells in the duodenum and jejunum

Question 51

GIP causes what

Answer 51

inhibition of gastric acid seceretion reduced intestinal motility insulin secretion

Question 52

GLP-1 is secreted from where

Answer 52

L cells in the ileum and intestines (small and large)

Question 53

L cells stimulate secretion GLP-1 by

Answer 53

fats and glucose entering the ileum and large(and small) intestine

Question 54

K cells stimulate to secrete GIP by

Answer 54

protein, long chain fatty acids, mono/disaccharides, fats and glucose i n entering the small intestine

Question 55

GLP-1 causes what secretion

Answer 55

insulin secretion reduction in glucagon secretion satiety

Question 56

GLP-1 manages what kind of concentration in the blood

Answer 56

blood glucose concentration

Question 57

GI peptides can stimulate tropic effects where

Answer 57

GI tract

Question 58

what does gastrin do do gastrin mucosa

Answer 58

growth and differentiation

Question 59

what does CCK stimulate to maintain

Answer 59

growth of pancreatic acinar cells

Question 60

secretin inhibitts growth of what

Answer 60

inhibits pancreatic ductal cell growth

Question 61

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) stimulates growth of what

Answer 61

ductal cell growth

Question 62

what stimulates growth in the small and large intestines

Answer 62

GLP-2