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Yr 3 > Adrenal Gland and Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland and Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Aldstere governs extracellular volume due to its action on what

A

Na retention/absorption by the kidney

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2
Q

What’s another name for Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do and why

A

regulates osmolality

its effect on free water balance
indirectly affects Na concentration

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4
Q

how is aldosterone synthesised

A

in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol

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5
Q

what are the only cells that contain aldoesterone synthase

A

glomerulosa cells

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6
Q

how is secretion of aldosterone limited

A

by the adrenal ->
controls the rate at which glomerulosa cells synthesise the hormne

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7
Q

what stimulates the production of aldoesterone in the glomerulosa cell

A

ACTH
extracellular K+, Na+
ANG II - peptide hormone

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8
Q

what is the major action of aldosterone

A

stimulate secretion of the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water to enhance K+ secretion
Increases blood pressure

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9
Q

what is the major action of aldosterone

A

stimulate secretion of the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water to enhance K+ secretion

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10
Q

where does aldosterone exert its affects

A

kidney
colon
salivary glands
sweat glands

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11
Q

where are mineralocorticoid receptors located

A

myocardium
liver
brain
other tissues…

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12
Q

how does aldosterone work
(like all other steroid hormones)

A

modulating gene transcription after binding to the MR

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13
Q

Aldosterone regulates what and occurs where

A

small fraction of Na+ reabsorption
large change in water reabsorption

distal tubule and collecting duct

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14
Q

Most Na+ reabsoprtion by aldosterone occurs where

A

proximal tubule by
aldosterone independant mechanisms

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15
Q

loss of aldosterone mediated Na+ reabsorption can result in what

A

electrolyte abnormalities

hyperkalaemia and hypotension

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16
Q

excess aldosterone causes what

A

hypokalaemia
hypertension

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17
Q

In target cells of renal tubule, aldosterone increases activity of what involved in Na+ transport

A

transcription of the Na-K pump
expression of apical Na+ channels and an Na/K/Cl transporter -> increasing reabsorption and K+ secretion

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18
Q

Na and water levels feedback through what

A

RAAS

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19
Q

where is Angiotensin I converted into Angiotensin II

A

the lungs

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20
Q

how is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II

A

ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
kidneys release renin

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21
Q

adrenal cortex is developed from what cells and produces what

A

mesodermal cells into steroidogenic cells
->that produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

22
Q

cortisol induces expression of what

A

(PNMT) in chromaffin cells

23
Q

why don’t chromaffin cells develop into postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

the cells of the adrenal medulla are exposed to high local concentrations of cortisol -> inhibits neuronal differenciation

24
Q

where are adrenomedullary catecholamines secreted

A

into the blood and act as hormones

25
Q

adrenal cortex is a true ________ gland

A

endocrine

26
Q

adrenal medulla is a modified ______ ganglion

A

sympathetic

27
Q

the chromaffin cell is a modified _________ _________ neuron

A

postganglionic sympathetic

28
Q

Adrenaline is a ________ that enters the blood

A

neurohormone

29
Q

Chromaffin granules store what

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

30
Q

about 80% of the cells that the adrenal medulla secrtes is _______
about 20% is ________

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

31
Q

secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla is regulated by _______
in response to what

A

descending sympathetic signals

various forms of stress
->hypoglycaemia

32
Q

the primary autonomic centers that initiate sympathetic responses reside where

A

in the hypothalamus and brainstem

33
Q

the chemical signal for catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla is _______

A

acetylcholine

34
Q

where is acetylcholine secreted from

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

35
Q

where does acetylcholine bind to

A

nicotinic receptors on chromafin cells

36
Q

Acetylcholine increases the activity of what

A

rate limiting enzyme
tyrosine hydroxylase
dopamine beta-hydroxylase
stimulates excocytosis of the chromaffin granules

37
Q

cortisol regulates ________ production by adequate expression of the ________ in chromaffin cells

A

adrenaline
PNMT gene

38
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in the degradation of catecholamines

A

monoamine oxidase
catechol -O-methyltransferase

39
Q

the alpha and beta3 receptor respond better to _______ than _________

A

noradrenaline
adrenaline

40
Q

what are adrenaline and noradrenaline examples of

A

catecholamines

41
Q

epinephrine evokes what

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

42
Q

what is the adrenal medulla directly innervated by

A

autonomic nervous system

43
Q

because the adrenal medulla is directly innervated by _______ responses are _______

A

ANS
very rapid

44
Q

adrenomedullary responses can precede onset of actual stress meaning responses can be

A

anticipated

45
Q

increased blood flow to the muscles prepares for what?

A

flight

46
Q

in flight adrenaline and noradrenaline (beta1) act on the heart to incraese the rate and strength of

A

contraction

47
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline act on the heart t induce ________ in flight

A

vasoconstriction of the veins

48
Q

synthesis of glucose is initiated by

A

adrenaline

49
Q

what is pheochromocytoma

A

an uncommon tumor caused by hyperplasia if adrenal medulla or other chromaffin tissue

50
Q

list symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

Sudden outburst of hypertension,
headaches,
episodes of sweating,
anxiousness,
tremor and
glucose intolerance

Yr 3 (15 decks)

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