Adrenal Gland and Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

Aldstere governs extracellular volume due to its action on what

Answer 1

Na retention/absorption by the kidney

Question 2

What’s another name for Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Answer 2

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 3

what does antidiuretic hormone do and why

Answer 3

regulates osmolality

its effect on free water balance
indirectly affects Na concentration

Question 4

how is aldosterone synthesised

Answer 4

in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol

Question 5

what are the only cells that contain aldoesterone synthase

Answer 5

glomerulosa cells

Question 6

how is secretion of aldosterone limited

Answer 6

by the adrenal ->
controls the rate at which glomerulosa cells synthesise the hormne

Question 7

what stimulates the production of aldoesterone in the glomerulosa cell

Answer 7

ACTH
extracellular K+, Na+
ANG II - peptide hormone

Question 8

what is the major action of aldosterone

Answer 8

stimulate secretion of the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water to enhance K+ secretion
Increases blood pressure

Question 9

what is the major action of aldosterone

Answer 9

stimulate secretion of the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water to enhance K+ secretion

Question 10

where does aldosterone exert its affects

Answer 10

kidney
colon
salivary glands
sweat glands

Question 11

where are mineralocorticoid receptors located

Answer 11

myocardium
liver
brain
other tissues…

Question 12

how does aldosterone work
(like all other steroid hormones)

Answer 12

modulating gene transcription after binding to the MR

Question 13

Aldosterone regulates what and occurs where

Answer 13

small fraction of Na+ reabsorption
large change in water reabsorption

distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 14

Most Na+ reabsoprtion by aldosterone occurs where

Answer 14

proximal tubule by
aldosterone independant mechanisms

Question 15

loss of aldosterone mediated Na+ reabsorption can result in what

Answer 15

electrolyte abnormalities

hyperkalaemia and hypotension

Question 16

excess aldosterone causes what

Answer 16

hypokalaemia
hypertension

Question 17

In target cells of renal tubule, aldosterone increases activity of what involved in Na+ transport

Answer 17

transcription of the Na-K pump
expression of apical Na+ channels and an Na/K/Cl transporter -> increasing reabsorption and K+ secretion

Question 18

Na and water levels feedback through what

Answer 18

RAAS

Question 19

where is Angiotensin I converted into Angiotensin II

Answer 19

the lungs

Question 20

how is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II

Answer 20

ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
kidneys release renin

Question 21

adrenal cortex is developed from what cells and produces what

Answer 21

mesodermal cells into steroidogenic cells
->that produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

Question 22

cortisol induces expression of what

Answer 22

(PNMT) in chromaffin cells

Question 23

why don’t chromaffin cells develop into postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Answer 23

the cells of the adrenal medulla are exposed to high local concentrations of cortisol -> inhibits neuronal differenciation

Question 24

where are adrenomedullary catecholamines secreted

Answer 24

into the blood and act as hormones

Question 25

adrenal cortex is a true ________ gland

Answer 25

endocrine

Question 26

adrenal medulla is a modified ______ ganglion

Answer 26

sympathetic

Question 27

the chromaffin cell is a modified _________ _________ neuron

Answer 27

postganglionic sympathetic

Question 28

Adrenaline is a ________ that enters the blood

Answer 28

neurohormone

Question 29

Chromaffin granules store what

Answer 29

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 30

about 80% of the cells that the adrenal medulla secrtes is _______ about 20% is ________

Answer 30

adrenaline noradrenaline

Question 31

secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from adrenal medulla is regulated by _______ in response to what

Answer 31

descending sympathetic signals various forms of stress ->hypoglycaemia

Question 32

the primary autonomic centers that initiate sympathetic responses reside where

Answer 32

in the hypothalamus and brainstem

Question 33

the chemical signal for catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla is _______

Answer 33

acetylcholine

Question 34

where is acetylcholine secreted from

Answer 34

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 35

where does acetylcholine bind to

Answer 35

nicotinic receptors on chromafin cells

Question 36

Acetylcholine increases the activity of what

Answer 36

rate limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase dopamine beta-hydroxylase stimulates excocytosis of the chromaffin granules

Question 37

cortisol regulates ________ production by adequate expression of the ________ in chromaffin cells

Answer 37

adrenaline PNMT gene

Question 38

What are the two enzymes involved in the degradation of catecholamines

Answer 38

monoamine oxidase catechol -O-methyltransferase

Question 39

the alpha and beta3 receptor respond better to _______ than _________

Answer 39

noradrenaline adrenaline

Question 40

what are adrenaline and noradrenaline examples of

Answer 40

catecholamines

Question 41

epinephrine evokes what

Answer 41

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 42

what is the adrenal medulla directly innervated by

Answer 42

autonomic nervous system

Question 43

because the adrenal medulla is directly innervated by _______ responses are _______

Answer 43

ANS very rapid

Question 44

adrenomedullary responses can precede onset of actual stress meaning responses can be

Answer 44

anticipated

Question 45

increased blood flow to the muscles prepares for what?

Answer 45

flight

Question 46

in flight adrenaline and noradrenaline (beta1) act on the heart to incraese the rate and strength of

Answer 46

contraction

Question 47

adrenaline and noradrenaline act on the heart t induce ________ in flight

Answer 47

vasoconstriction of the veins

Question 48

synthesis of glucose is initiated by

Answer 48

adrenaline

Question 49

what is pheochromocytoma

Answer 49

an uncommon tumor caused by hyperplasia if adrenal medulla or other chromaffin tissue

Question 50

list symptoms of pheochromocytoma

Answer 50

Sudden outburst of hypertension, headaches, episodes of sweating, anxiousness, tremor and glucose intolerance