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Yr 3 > Human reproduction, pregnancy, and parturition > Flashcards

Human reproduction, pregnancy, and parturition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 steps to sexual arousal
EPOR

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

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2
Q

freshly ejaculated sperm are incapable of what

A

fertilisation

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3
Q

as freshly ejaculated sperm are incapable of fertilisation they must undergo what/where

A

capacitation in female repro tract

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4
Q

In capacitation the surface of sperm are altered by what

A

removal of a glycoprotein coat

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5
Q

in capacitation of sperm what does the removal of the glycoprotein coat allow for

A

sperm to be more permeable to Ca ions

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6
Q

in capacitation what happens to the sperm’s tail

A

tail movements become more whip like

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7
Q

in capacitation what happens to cAMP levels

A

levels rise

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8
Q

in capacitation in sperm cAMP levels rise to promote what

A

acrosomal reaction

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9
Q

what allows for more permeability of Ca ions in capacitation

A

removal of glycoprotein coat

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10
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what does albumin do

A

attracts the sperm

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11
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what is released by the mature ovam

A

albumin

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12
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, how do sperm find the egg

A

they “smell” using an olfactory receptor

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13
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what does fertilin bind to

A

intergrin

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14
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, enzymes in the acrosomal tip allow for sperm to do what

A

“burrow” through the outer layers of ovum and enter cytoplasm

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15
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what allows the sperm to “burrow” through the outer layers of ovum and enter cytoplasm

A

acrosomal tip

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16
Q

sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form what

A

zygote

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17
Q

where does the blastocyst implant

A

cords of trophoblastic cells

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18
Q

when does the blastocyst develop into an embryo

A

once it has fully implanted into the cords of trophoblastic cells

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19
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast and decidual tissue

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20
Q

what do trophoblast cells differentiate into

A

multinucleate

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21
Q

once trophoblast cells differentiate into multinucleate what does it invade
and what does it form

A

decidua and breaks down capillaries
forms cavities with maternal blood

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21
Q

once trophoblast cells differentiate into multinucleate what does it invade
and what does it form

A

decidua and breaks down capillaries
forms cavities with maternal blood

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22
Q

during the development of placenta, the developing embryo sends capillaries into the synctotiotrophoblast projections to form

A

placental villi

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23
Q

each placental villus forms what

A

foetal capillaries seperated from maternal blood

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24
Q

what stops the implanted foetus being swept away from the menstrual lining during menstruation

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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25
Q

what is hCG produced by

A

produced by the blastocyst

26
Q

what does hCG do to the life of the corpus luteum

A

prolongs life of the corpus luteum

27
Q

after 10 weeks what hormones does the placenta produce

A

progesterone and oestrogen

28
Q

what is used in a pregnancy test to detect pregnancy

A

hCG

29
Q

morning sickness is caused by

A

hCG tmay triggers vomiting centre

30
Q

at the end of the first trimester, what does hCG stimulate

A

male foetus gonads
produces steroid hormones

31
Q

why doesnt the placenta secrete oestrogen initially

A

placenta des not posses the enzymes needed for oestrogen synthesis in the 1st trimester

32
Q

what enzymes are needed for the placenta to produce enzymes needed for secretion of oestrogen

A

DHEA (androgen) from foetal adrenal cortex

33
Q

when is (what trimester) oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum

A

1st trimester

34
Q

in pregnancy, oestrogen stimulates the growth of what

A

myometrium musculature

35
Q

why does oestrogen stimulate growth of the myometrium musculature

A

to expel foetus during labour

36
Q

in pregnancy, what does oestrogen stimulate growth development of (expelling milk)

A

mammary gland ducts

37
Q

In pregnancy, progesterone supresses contractions of what

A

uterine myometrium

38
Q

in pregnancy, what does prgesterone promote

A

formation of mucus plug

39
Q

in pregnancy, what does progesterone stimulate development of

A

mammary milk glands

40
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone mobilise

A

maternal Ca2+ for calcification of foetal bones

41
Q

what does relaxin do in pregnancy

A

softens cervix
loosens pelvic connective tissue

42
Q

in pregnancy, what does CRH stimulate

A

stimulates DHEA production by foetal adrenal cortex

43
Q

what is partuition

A

labour

44
Q

what does parturition require

A

dilation of the cervical canal
contractions of uterine myometrium - causes expulsion of the foetus

45
Q

what is softening of cervix caused by (parturition)

A

caused by relaxin and prostaglandins
breakdown of cervical collagen fibres allow cervix to dilate during labour

46
Q

what is relaxation of the pelvic bones caused by

A

relaxin

47
Q

what promotes uterine contractions

A

oxytocin

48
Q

what does prostaglandin promote in labour

A

promotes foetal passage along the cervix

49
Q

what hormone promotes passage along the cervix
what feedback loop

A

prostaglandin
positive

50
Q

when stage of labour does the rupturing of the amniotic sac occurs

A

1st stage

51
Q

in the 1st stage what is the dilation of cervix required

A

10cm

52
Q

what stage is the delivery of the baby
how long does it take

A

2nd stage
30-90 minutes

53
Q

delivery of the placenta occurs in what stage

A

delivery of the placenta

54
Q

what triggers development of the breast

A

oestrogen
prolactin
progesterone

55
Q

what does oestrogen do in development of the breast

A

duct development

56
Q

what does oestrogen do in development of the breast

A

duct development

57
Q

what does progesterone do in the development of the breast

A

lobule formation

58
Q

what does prolactin do in breast development

A

synthesis of enzymes for milk production

59
Q

what does suckling trigger

A

neuroendocrine reflex

60
Q

(suckling) what hormones does the neuroendocrine reflex secrete

A

prolactin
oxytocin

61
Q

in suckling what does oxytocin do

A

milk ejection
stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells
hastens involution
suppresses LH and FSH secretion
causes positive feedback on the hypothalamus

62
Q

when oxytocin inhibits FSH and LH what happens

A

suppresses menstrual cycle

Yr 3 (15 decks)

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