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Yr 3 > Human reproduction, pregnancy, and parturition > Flashcards

Human reproduction, pregnancy, and parturition Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 steps to sexual arousal
EPOR

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

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2
Q

freshly ejaculated sperm are incapable of what

A

fertilisation

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3
Q

as freshly ejaculated sperm are incapable of fertilisation they must undergo what/where

A

capacitation in female repro tract

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4
Q

In capacitation the surface of sperm are altered by what

A

removal of a glycoprotein coat

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5
Q

in capacitation of sperm what does the removal of the glycoprotein coat allow for

A

sperm to be more permeable to Ca ions

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6
Q

in capacitation what happens to the sperm’s tail

A

tail movements become more whip like

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7
Q

in capacitation what happens to cAMP levels

A

levels rise

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8
Q

in capacitation in sperm cAMP levels rise to promote what

A

acrosomal reaction

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9
Q

what allows for more permeability of Ca ions in capacitation

A

removal of glycoprotein coat

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10
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what does albumin do

A

attracts the sperm

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11
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what is released by the mature ovam

A

albumin

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12
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, how do sperm find the egg

A

they “smell” using an olfactory receptor

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13
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what does fertilin bind to

A

intergrin

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14
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, enzymes in the acrosomal tip allow for sperm to do what

A

“burrow” through the outer layers of ovum and enter cytoplasm

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15
Q

during penetration of the egg by sperm, what allows the sperm to “burrow” through the outer layers of ovum and enter cytoplasm

A

acrosomal tip

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16
Q

sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form what

A

zygote

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17
Q

where does the blastocyst implant

A

cords of trophoblastic cells

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18
Q

when does the blastocyst develop into an embryo

A

once it has fully implanted into the cords of trophoblastic cells

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19
Q

what is the placenta derived from

A

trophoblast and decidual tissue

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20
Q

what do trophoblast cells differentiate into

A

multinucleate

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21
Q

once trophoblast cells differentiate into multinucleate what does it invade
and what does it form

A

decidua and breaks down capillaries
forms cavities with maternal blood

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21
Q

once trophoblast cells differentiate into multinucleate what does it invade
and what does it form

A

decidua and breaks down capillaries
forms cavities with maternal blood

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22
Q

during the development of placenta, the developing embryo sends capillaries into the synctotiotrophoblast projections to form

A

placental villi

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23
Q

each placental villus forms what

A

foetal capillaries seperated from maternal blood

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24
what stops the implanted foetus being swept away from the menstrual lining during menstruation
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
25
what is hCG produced by
produced by the blastocyst
26
what does hCG do to the life of the corpus luteum
prolongs life of the corpus luteum
27
after 10 weeks what hormones does the placenta produce
progesterone and oestrogen
28
what is used in a pregnancy test to detect pregnancy
hCG
29
morning sickness is caused by
hCG tmay triggers vomiting centre
30
at the end of the first trimester, what does hCG stimulate
male foetus gonads produces steroid hormones
31
why doesnt the placenta secrete oestrogen initially
placenta des not posses the enzymes needed for oestrogen synthesis in the 1st trimester
32
what enzymes are needed for the placenta to produce enzymes needed for secretion of oestrogen
DHEA (androgen) from foetal adrenal cortex
33
when is (what trimester) oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum
1st trimester
34
in pregnancy, oestrogen stimulates the growth of what
myometrium musculature
35
why does oestrogen stimulate growth of the myometrium musculature
to expel foetus during labour
36
in pregnancy, what does oestrogen stimulate growth development of (expelling milk)
mammary gland ducts
37
In pregnancy, progesterone supresses contractions of what
uterine myometrium
38
in pregnancy, what does prgesterone promote
formation of mucus plug
39
in pregnancy, what does progesterone stimulate development of
mammary milk glands
40
what does the parathyroid hormone mobilise
maternal Ca2+ for calcification of foetal bones
41
what does relaxin do in pregnancy
softens cervix loosens pelvic connective tissue
42
in pregnancy, what does CRH stimulate
stimulates DHEA production by foetal adrenal cortex
43
what is partuition
labour
44
what does parturition require
dilation of the cervical canal contractions of uterine myometrium - causes expulsion of the foetus
45
what is softening of cervix caused by (parturition)
caused by relaxin and prostaglandins breakdown of cervical collagen fibres allow cervix to dilate during labour
46
what is relaxation of the pelvic bones caused by
relaxin
47
what promotes uterine contractions
oxytocin
48
what does prostaglandin promote in labour
promotes foetal passage along the cervix
49
what hormone promotes passage along the cervix what feedback loop
prostaglandin positive
50
when stage of labour does the rupturing of the amniotic sac occurs
1st stage
51
in the 1st stage what is the dilation of cervix required
10cm
52
what stage is the delivery of the baby how long does it take
2nd stage 30-90 minutes
53
delivery of the placenta occurs in what stage
delivery of the placenta
54
what triggers development of the breast
oestrogen prolactin progesterone
55
what does oestrogen do in development of the breast
duct development
56
what does oestrogen do in development of the breast
duct development
57
what does progesterone do in the development of the breast
lobule formation
58
what does prolactin do in breast development
synthesis of enzymes for milk production
59
what does suckling trigger
neuroendocrine reflex
60
(suckling) what hormones does the neuroendocrine reflex secrete
prolactin oxytocin
61
in suckling what does oxytocin do
milk ejection stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells hastens involution suppresses LH and FSH secretion causes positive feedback on the hypothalamus
62
when oxytocin inhibits FSH and LH what happens
suppresses menstrual cycle

Yr 3 (15 decks)

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