Female reproductive Endocrinology

Question 1

what is the role of the ovaries

Answer 1

maturation and release of the ova

Question 2

what is the role of oviducts (fallopian tubes)

Answer 2

site of fertilisation

Question 3

what is the role of the uterus

Answer 3

maintains foetus development during gestation
expels foetus at end of gestation

Question 4

what is the role of the cervix

Answer 4

has small opening to allow sperm through to uterus
expands greatly during birth

Question 5

what is the role of the vagina

Answer 5

receptacle for sperm
birth canal - uterus to be outside

Question 6

what is the role of the vaginal opening

Answer 6

allows penis in/baby out

Question 7

oogenesis has identical meiotic and mitotic divisions as what

Answer 7

male sperm production

Question 8

when does oogenesis begin

Answer 8

in utero

Question 9

when is oogenesis completed

Answer 9

completed at fertilisation

Question 10

when does oogenesis cease

Answer 10

at menopause

Question 11

what are some 2 degree sexual characteristics at puberty

Answer 11

pubic hair
growth/maturation of repro tract (including uterus) and external genitalia
fat deposition - breasts, buttocks, thighs
closure of epiphseal plates (stops growing)

Question 12

somatic growth is induced by what (puberty)

Answer 12

gonadal sex steroids, GH, and (ILG-1)

Question 13

when does the menopause occur

Answer 13

5th decade

Question 14

what hormones increase during menopause

Answer 14

FSH levels

Question 15

what hormones decrease during menopause

Answer 15

ovarian oestrogen
progesterone
inhibin

Question 16

how many days does the ovarian cycle last (average)

Answer 16

28 days

Question 17

how many phases does the ovarian cycle have

Answer 17

2

Question 18

what are then names of the ovarian cycle phases

Answer 18

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

Question 19

what happens in the follicular phase

Answer 19

maturation of egg
ready for ovulation (midcycle)
ovulation signals end of follicular phase

Question 20

what happens in the luteal phase

Answer 20

development of corpus luteum
induces preparation of reproductive tract for pregnancy (if fertilisation occurs)

Question 21

in the ovarian cycle what phase occurs first

Answer 21

follicular phase
then luteal phase

Question 22

in the follicular phase what are the names of the follicles

Answer 22

primary and secondary

Question 23

what is the structure of a primary follicle

Answer 23

primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells

Question 24

until puberty all 1 degree follicles degenerate to what

Answer 24

scar tissue

Question 25

After puberty, what develops cyclically

Answer 25

2 degree follicles

Question 26

Secondary follicle grows and follicle expands and becomes what

Answer 26

differentiated under hormonal influence

Question 27

when does follicular phase end

Answer 27

with ovulation

Question 28

what hormones does the corpus luteum secerete

Answer 28

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 29

what hormone is secreted in the follicular phase

Answer 29

oestrogen

Question 30

what hormone is released in the luteal phase

Answer 30

progesterone

Question 31

after ovulation what structure grows and for how long

Answer 31

corpus luteum (8-9 days)

Question 32

what is formed if fertilisation has not occured

Answer 32

corpus albicans

Question 33

degeneration of ______ signals the start of a new ________ phase

Answer 33

corpus luteum follicular

Question 34

if fertilisation occurs what happens to the corpus luteum and what hormones does it produce and until when

Answer 34

it persists and produces increasing quantities of progesterone and oestrogen till after pregnancy

Question 35

What does oestrogen inhibit during follicular phase (0-12 days)

Answer 35

LH and FSH release

Question 36

during days 12-14 what does oestrogen do

Answer 36

stimulate LH and FSH release

Question 37

after day 14 what does oestrogen do

Answer 37

inhibits LH and FSH release

Question 38

what marks the beginning of the uterine and ovarian cycles

Answer 38

menstration

Question 39

A few days before menstruation, ________ beings to increase secretion of _____ and _______

Answer 39

anterior pituitary FSH and LH

Question 40

when the follicle matures what happens to the production of ________

Answer 40

increases production of oestrogen

Question 41

when there is increasing amounts of oestrogen being produced what happens to the uterus

Answer 41

stimulates the growth of the uterus

Question 42

during the first 12 days of the ovarian cycle Oestrogen exerts what kind of feedback and to where

Answer 42

negative feedback on gonadotropin release

Question 43

on days 12-14, oestrogen exerts what kind of feedback to where

Answer 43

positive on the pituitary

Question 44

what does the surge of LH trigger

Answer 44

ovulation stimulates the follicle cells to develop into the corpus luteum

Question 45

when the follicle cells develop into the corpus luteum what hormones are secreted

Answer 45

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 46

what are oestrogen and progesterone crucial for

Answer 46

maintenance of uterine lining sends negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to inhibit gonadotropin release

Question 47

if the egg is not fertilised what happens on day 26 of the cycle

Answer 47

corpus luteum degenerates

Question 48

without progesterone, what happens to the uterine lining

Answer 48

it sloughs off and menstruation occurs

Question 49

a decrease in oestrogen and progesterone relieves what feedback on the anterior pituitary

Answer 49

negative feedback GnRH, FSH & LH all ↑