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A&P Quarter 2 > The Other Glands > Flashcards

The Other Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The pancreas is both an ________ and ________ gland.

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located? Physically describe it.

A

An elongated, spongy gland below and behind the stomach, mostly retroperitoneal
5” long, triangular in cross-section, weights 85-100 grams

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3
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas?

A

Consist of acini that produce digestive enzyme

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4
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas?

A

Clusters of different types of hormone-producing cells

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5
Q

What are the islets of Langerhans?

A

These islets contain anywhere from a few to 3,000 cells

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6
Q

What four cells do the islets of Langerhans produce?

A 
Alpha cells (glucagon)
Beta cells (insulin)
Delta cells (pancreatic somatostatin)
F-cells  (pancreatic polypeptide)
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7
Q

What does an alpha cell produce?

A

Glucacon

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8
Q

Alpha cells are ____% of the islets of Langerhans while beta cells are ___%.

A

20%

70%

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9
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raise blood sugar level

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10
Q

How does glucagon raise blood sugar levels?

A

Targets liver to break down glycogen (to glucose) into the bloodstream, and via gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What is gluconeogenisis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and other non-carbohydrate molecules

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12
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood sugar level

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13
Q

After meals, _______ stimulates cells to absorb ________.

A

Insulin

Glucose

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14
Q

The liver uses insulin to make _______.

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

The brain, liver, and kidneys absorb and use glucose _______ of insulin levels, but insulin does promote the liver to make glycogen

A

regardless

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16
Q

What is a delta cell?

A

Pancreatic somatostatin

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17
Q

Delta cells make up ____% of the islets of Langerhans.

A

5-10%

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18
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin
It also inhibits digestive enzyme production

19
Q

What are F-cells?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

20
Q

F-cells are ___% of the islets of Langerhans.

21
Q

What do F-cells do?

A

Inhibits the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes and inhibits gallbladder and intestinal contractions (a paracrine txp)

22
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

hyposecretion or inaction of insulin (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)

23
Q

What is Type I diabetes?

A

Insulin is not produced; 5-10% of cases

24
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A

Insulin Resistance:unresponsiveness of target cells to the hormone, 95% of cases

25
What is a hyperglycemic hormone?
Any hormone that ↑ blood glucose
26
Name 5 hyperglycemic hormones
Glucagon, NE and Epi Cortisol Growth Hormone
27
What is a hypoglycemic hormone?
Any hormone that ↓ Blood sugar levels
28
What is an example of a hypoglycemic hormone?
Insulin
29
Where is the pineal gland?
Is attached to the roof of the third ventricle, so part of the diencephalon (epithalamus) Is visible on posterior aspect of brain stem
30
What is the pineal gland thought to do?
Much remains unknown about pineal, it’s thought to deal with the maintenance of basic circadian rhythms
31
What is the main product of the pineal gland? And what is it's purpose?
The main sensory product is melatonin- peak levels are at night, low during the day
32
Where is the thymus?
Located mediastinum, deep to the manubrium; it’s bilobed
33
In what population is the thymus the largest?
Maximum size is in children, then shrinks
34
What does the thymus secrete?
Thymosis | Thymopoietin
35
What do the secretions of the thymus regulate?
Thymosin and thymopoietin, which regulate the development of the T-cells in the thymus, and thus, immunity
36
Where does the pituitary sit?
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid
37
What two parts compose the pituitary?
The posterior pituitary | The anterior pituitary
38
What forms the posterior pituitary?
The neurohypophysis= neural tissue
39
What forms the anterior pituitary?
the adenohypophysis= glandular tissue
40
The posterior pituitary is an outgrowth from the _________
Hypothalamus
41
Axons in the posterior pituitary form the _________ and end bulbs, a swelling called the _____ ______.
Infundibulum | Pars nervosa
42
How is the anterior pituitary formed in utero?
From an outpocketing of the roof the the embryonic oral cavity
43
What is Rathke's pouch?
The anterior pituitary
44
What are the three distinct parts of the posterior pituitary?
Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Pars distalis

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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