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A&P Quarter 2 > The Other Glands > Flashcards

The Other Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The pancreas is both an ________ and ________ gland.

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located? Physically describe it.

A

An elongated, spongy gland below and behind the stomach, mostly retroperitoneal
5” long, triangular in cross-section, weights 85-100 grams

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3
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas?

A

Consist of acini that produce digestive enzyme

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4
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas?

A

Clusters of different types of hormone-producing cells

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5
Q

What are the islets of Langerhans?

A

These islets contain anywhere from a few to 3,000 cells

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6
Q

What four cells do the islets of Langerhans produce?

A 
Alpha cells (glucagon)
Beta cells (insulin)
Delta cells (pancreatic somatostatin)
F-cells  (pancreatic polypeptide)
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7
Q

What does an alpha cell produce?

A

Glucacon

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8
Q

Alpha cells are ____% of the islets of Langerhans while beta cells are ___%.

A

20%

70%

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9
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raise blood sugar level

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10
Q

How does glucagon raise blood sugar levels?

A

Targets liver to break down glycogen (to glucose) into the bloodstream, and via gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What is gluconeogenisis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and other non-carbohydrate molecules

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12
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood sugar level

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13
Q

After meals, _______ stimulates cells to absorb ________.

A

Insulin

Glucose

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14
Q

The liver uses insulin to make _______.

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

The brain, liver, and kidneys absorb and use glucose _______ of insulin levels, but insulin does promote the liver to make glycogen

A

regardless

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16
Q

What is a delta cell?

A

Pancreatic somatostatin

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17
Q

Delta cells make up ____% of the islets of Langerhans.

A

5-10%

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18
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting the secretion of glucagon and insulin
It also inhibits digestive enzyme production

19
Q

What are F-cells?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

20
Q

F-cells are ___% of the islets of Langerhans.

A

1-2%

21
Q

What do F-cells do?

A

Inhibits the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes and inhibits gallbladder and intestinal contractions (a paracrine txp)

22
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

hyposecretion or inaction of insulin (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)

23
Q

What is Type I diabetes?

A

Insulin is not produced; 5-10% of cases

24
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A

Insulin Resistance:unresponsiveness of target cells to the hormone, 95% of cases

25
Q

What is a hyperglycemic hormone?

A

Any hormone that ↑ blood glucose

26
Q

Name 5 hyperglycemic hormones

A

Glucagon,
NE and Epi
Cortisol
Growth Hormone

27
Q

What is a hypoglycemic hormone?

A

Any hormone that ↓ Blood sugar levels

28
Q

What is an example of a hypoglycemic hormone?

A

Insulin

29
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Is attached to the roof of the third ventricle, so part of the diencephalon (epithalamus)
Is visible on posterior aspect of brain stem

30
Q

What is the pineal gland thought to do?

A

Much remains unknown about pineal, it’s thought to deal with the maintenance of basic circadian rhythms

31
Q

What is the main product of the pineal gland? And what is it’s purpose?

A

The main sensory product is melatonin- peak levels are at night, low during the day

32
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Located mediastinum, deep to the manubrium; it’s bilobed

33
Q

In what population is the thymus the largest?

A

Maximum size is in children, then shrinks

34
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymosis

Thymopoietin

35
Q

What do the secretions of the thymus regulate?

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin, which regulate the development of the T-cells in the thymus, and thus, immunity

36
Q

Where does the pituitary sit?

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid

37
Q

What two parts compose the pituitary?

A

The posterior pituitary

The anterior pituitary

38
Q

What forms the posterior pituitary?

A

The neurohypophysis= neural tissue

39
Q

What forms the anterior pituitary?

A

the adenohypophysis= glandular tissue

40
Q

The posterior pituitary is an outgrowth from the _________

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Axons in the posterior pituitary form the _________ and end bulbs, a swelling called the _____ ______.

A

Infundibulum

Pars nervosa

42
Q

How is the anterior pituitary formed in utero?

A

From an outpocketing of the roof the the embryonic oral cavity

43
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

The anterior pituitary

44
Q

What are the three distinct parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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