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A&P Quarter 2 > Intro to Senses and Olfaction > Flashcards

Intro to Senses and Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A receptor is a structure specialized to detect a stimulus.

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2
Q

What kinds of structures can be receptors?

A

Some receptors are simple nerve endings such as for cold or hot, some are cells such as Merkel’s disc, and some are organs, such as the eye.

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of receptors?

A 
Chemoreceptor
Mechanoreceptor
Thermoreceptor
Photoreceptor
Nociceptor
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4
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

Responds to chemical stimuli, eg odor and taste

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5
Q

What is a thermoreceptor?

A

Responds to temperature, eg hot or cold

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6
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

Responds to physical deformation, eg Porcinian corpuscle to pressure, Meissner’s corpuscle, and proprioception

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7
Q

What is a photoreceptor?

A

Responds to light

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8
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Responds to pain

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9
Q

What is an interoceptor?

A

Internal receptors, from viscera ex: nausea

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10
Q

What in an exteroceptor?

A

Stimuli external to the body, ex: papercut

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11
Q

Senses can be categorized into these two large categories.

A

General senses

Special senses

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12
Q

What are general senses?

Where are these receptors?

A

Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

These receptors are widely dispersed through the body

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13
Q

What are special senses?

Where are these receptors?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

These receptors are in specific locations in the head

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14
Q

Where does olfaction physically take place?

A

2 separate nasal cavities with olfactory recesses, in the most superior part (about 1 sq in)

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15
Q

What is a cribriform plate?

A

Part of the ethmoid bone.
Cranial nerves (#1) passes through, 2 or 3 axons per foramina
Holds chemoreceptors: chemical molecules react with the receptor
Is divided by the perpendicular plates of ethmoid and vomer

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16
Q

What is olfactory epithelium?

A

A specific epithelium found only in the olfactory recess, the rest of the epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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17
Q

What three cell types compose olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Support cells
Basal cells

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18
Q

How many neurons are olfactory receptor cells? What do these cells look like?

A

10-20 million bipolar neurons, have a dendritic bulb with olfactory hairs.

19
Q

What cranial nerve do olfactory axons become?

A

Cranial nerve 1.

20
Q

Olfactory hairs are the site of olfactory ___________.

A

Transduction

21
Q

How long do olfactory cells last?

A

30-60 days

22
Q

What are olfactory hairs?

A

Olfactory hairs are made of receptor site for odorants on immobile hairs

23
Q

What is an olfactory support cell?

A

Are columnar epithelium cells that are ciliated

24
Q

What is an olfactory basal cell?

A

A type of stem cells

Divide and turn into the olfactory cells

25
Q

What is Bowman’s gland?

A

Secretes mucin/mucus

26
Q

What is volatility, and why is it important?

A

In order to smell, the odorant must be volatile. It must be in a gaseous state and then dissolved in mucus to be detected by the chemoreceptor.

27
Q

What is a mitral cell?

A

An olfacotry “output” cell. A cell that reaches down and synapses with an olfactory bulb.

28
Q

What is a tufted cell?

A

A type olfactory reception cell that help form glomeruli.

29
Q

What is a glomeruli?

A

A tangle of olfactory axons that reach up where mitral and tufted cells reach down. Each glomeruli is dedicated to a particular odor.

30
Q

What is a granule cell?

A

GABA-releasing cells that inhibit the mitral cells.

31
Q

What is the effect of a granule cell?

A

An effect of this feedback is that odors can change in quality and significance under different conditions.

32
Q

What is olfactory adaptation?

A

After 2 minutes, we have almost complete insensitivity to odors
Due to granule cell

33
Q

Olfactory receptor cells are the ____ neurons that are directly exposed to the external environment

A

only

34
Q

The mucus from a Bowman’s gland does these three tings:

A

1- Moistens the surface of the olfactory epithelium
2- Mucus catches viruses and bacteria
3- Replaces surface film to prevent the continuous stimulation of olfactory hairs

35
Q

Are there “primary smells”?

A

No “primary smells” (contra primary colors); each smell is its own distinct smell

36
Q

How many smells can most people distinguish? Supersmellers?

A

Most people can distinguish 2,000-4,000 odors, supersmellers up to 10,000

37
Q

Some odors stimulate nociceptors of the _______ nerve.

A

trigeminal

38
Q

What are examples of odors that stimulate nociceptors?

A

Ammonia (smelling salts), chlorine, menthol

39
Q

What odors stimulate fight or flight?

A

skunk, cooking gas, smoke

40
Q

What odors can trigger emotional and/or visceral responses?

A

Perfume, a favorite food, decaying flesh

41
Q

What are the three olfactory areas?

A

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial

42
Q

What is the lateral olfactory area?

A

Responsible for conscious perception of smell

43
Q

What is the intermediate olfactory area?

A

Modulation of smell

44
Q

What is the medial olfactory area?

A

Emotional response to smells

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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