Pituitary

Question 1

Where does the pituitary sit?

Answer 1

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid

Question 2

What two parts compose the pituitary?

Answer 2

The posterior pituitary

The anterior pituitary

Question 3

What forms the posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

The neurohypophysis= neural tissue

Question 4

What forms the anterior pituitary?

Answer 4

the adenohypophysis= glandular tissue

Question 5

The posterior pituitary is an outgrowth from the _________

Answer 5

Hypothalamus

Question 6

Axons in the posterior pituitary form the _________ and end bulbs, a swelling called the _____ ______.

Answer 6

Infundibulum

Pars nervosa

Question 7

How is the anterior pituitary formed in utero?

Answer 7

From an outpocketing of the roof the the embryonic oral cavity

Question 8

What is Rathke’s pouch?

Answer 8

The anterior pituitary

Question 9

What are the three distinct parts of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 9

Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis

Question 10

The pituitary gland is a _____-sized gland that is attached to the _______.

Answer 10

Pea-sized

Hypothalamus

Question 11

What organ is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 11

The hypothalamus

Question 12

The activity of the pituitary is governed by the _______.

Answer 12

Hypothalamus

Question 13

What three things influence the activity of the hypothalamus?

Answer 13

1- CNS sensory information
2- Emotions
3- Other hormones

Question 14

Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize and secrete __(number) hormones, specifically called, ______.

Answer 14

8

neurohormones

Question 15

Of the 8 neuron hormones, 6 are either ________ or ______, and the remaining two are ____ and _____.

Answer 15

Releasing or Inhibitory

ADT and OT

Question 16

What are three examples of releasing or inhibitory neurohormones?

Answer 16

PIH
GHRH
TRH

Question 17

What is PIH?

Answer 17

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone aka dopamine; ↓ PIH → ↑ Prolactin
A neurohormone

Question 18

What is GHRH?

Answer 18

Growth hormone-releasing hormone; ↑ GH

A neurohormone

Question 19

What is TRH?

Answer 19

Thyrotropin releasing hormone: ↑ TSH

A neurohormone

Question 20

When does the pituitary double in size?

Answer 20

During pregnancy

Question 21

The supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus are _______ (type of cell), which are a type of neuroglia.

Answer 21

Pituicytes

Question 22

What is ADH?

Answer 22

Anti-diuretic hormone

Question 23

Where is ADH formed?

Answer 23

From neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 24

What does ADH primarily do?

Answer 24

Prevents large amount of urine output

Primary target is the kidney where it promotes reabsorption of water, therefore ↓ urine output

Question 25

If the BP lowers, what does ADH do?

Answer 25

Increases, to increase fluid retention

Question 26

Where is ADH stored?

Answer 26

In the pituitary

Question 27

What happens if ADH is not produced?

Answer 27

Diabetes insipidus: large amounts of dilute urine, up to 20l a day, and ultimately, death by dehydration

Question 28

What is OT?

Answer 28

Oxytocin

Question 29

Where is OT formed?

Answer 29

From neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the pituitary

Question 30

What is the primary target of OT?

Answer 30

Smooth muscle in the uterus; specialized myoepithelial cells in mammary gland

Question 31

What is "milk letdown"?

Answer 31

If nursing and you hear a baby cry, can stimulate body to produce milk

Question 32

The auditory reflex in milk letdown in an example of a _______ reflex.

Answer 32

Neuroendocrine

Question 33

What is a neuroendocrine reflex?

Answer 33

The release of hormones in response to nerve signals

Question 34

What are examples of a neuroendocrine reflex?

Answer 34

Ex: Milk letdown; hear baby cry→ milk Ex: baby nursing; stimulates nipple, nipple sends signal to hypothalamus, hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary to release OT Ex: stretch of cervix during childbirth

Question 35

How are ADH and OT stored and secreted?

Answer 35

Are produced in their respective nuclei in the hypothalamus and are sent down through the axons to the pars nervosa to be stored and secreted when needed.

Question 36

The axons that connect the infundibulum to the pars nervosa are called the _______ ______.

Answer 36

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 37

The hypothalamohypophyseal allows for _____ ______ transport.

Answer 37

Fast axonal

Question 38

How does a hormone from the hypothalamohypophyseal tract enter the bloodstream?

Answer 38

The capillary bed around the pars nervosa allows hormones from end bulbs to enter the bloodstream and reach its target.

Question 39

_______ and ______ are stored in the end bulb of the tract within the pars nervosa.

Answer 39

ADH | OT

Question 40

At birth, the ______ _______ is a narrow, rudimentary zone with little-known function

Answer 40

pars intermedia

Question 41

What links the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 41

Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal System

Question 42

The hypothalamohypophyseal portal system regulates the secretion of ______ ________ ________.

Answer 42

Anterior pituitary hormones

Question 43

The portal system begins and ends in ________ ______.

Answer 43

Capillary beds

Question 44

The hypothalamus secretes 6 relaying/or inhibitory hormones, these hormones travel through the _____ ______ and they regulate the secretion of _____ hormones.

Answer 44

portal system | pituitary

Question 45

What are examples of releasing or inhibitory hormones?

Answer 45

PIH, GHRH, TRH

Question 46

What is GH?

Answer 46

somatotropin (growth hormone) | Promotes tissue growth through the body

Question 47

What is acromegaly?

Answer 47

condition of hypersecretion of GH after maturity means: “extremity great” Is an enlargement of the skeleton, nose, jaws, fingers/toes, thickening of face skin

Question 48

What is TSH?

Answer 48

thyroid stimulating hormone | Stimulates growth of hormones and secretion of TH

Question 49

What is ACTH?

Answer 49

(adrenocorticotropic hormone) Controls the adrenal cortex- so it stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticocorticoids especially glucocorticoids like cortisol, to help the body resist stressors

Question 50

What is FSH?

Answer 50

(follicle-stimulating hormone) Development of ova Development of sperm

Question 51

What is LH?

Answer 51

(luteinizing hormone) Stimulate ovulation- and then estrogen/progesterone production Also stimulates specific cells is testes to secrete testosterone

Question 52

What is PRL?

Answer 52

(prolactin) Promote milk production in female. In males, makes the testes more sensitive to LH, but no one is sure if this is physiologically significant.