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A&P Quarter 2 > Spinal Tracts and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Tracts and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A cord composed of many nerve fibers or axons bound together by CT

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2
Q

What three kinds of CT are found in nerves?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

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3
Q

How many fibers can be in a nerve?

A

Just a few to a million

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4
Q

What color are nerve fibers?

A

Pearly white

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5
Q

How do nerves branch?

A

They divide into smaller and smaller branches as they go out

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6
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

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7
Q

What does a ganglion look like?

A

It looks like a knot in thread (knot= neuronal cell body)

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8
Q

What usually occurs at a ganglion?

A

A synapse

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9
Q

Are there synapses in a dorsal root ganglion?

A

No synapses in a dorsal root ganglion. No synapses because there are no gaps.

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10
Q

What is an example of a sensory nerve?

A

Sight and smell

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11
Q

What is an example of a motor nerve?

A

A nerve to skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What is a mixed nerve? And an example?

A

A nerve with both sensory and motor functions.

Ex: a spinal nerve

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13
Q

__________ diagnose and manage spinal cord injuries

A

Neurologists

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14
Q

What is an ascending spinal tract?

A

Carry sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain

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15
Q

What is a descending spinal tract?

A

Carry motor information down the spinal cord to the body

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16
Q

All ______ _____ in a given tract have a singular orientation, destination, and function

A

nerve fibers

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17
Q

_____ is the crossing of nerve fibers

A

Decussation

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18
Q

Decussation can happen in the _______ _______, but the decussation of ______ nerves happens in the pyramid of the medulla/

A

spinal cord

motor

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19
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor info to the __________ side of the body.

A

contralateral

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20
Q

Cranial nerves carry fibers between the brainstem and __________ receptors and effectors

A

ipsilateral

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21
Q

A stroke in the left hemisphere will affect motor control on the ______ side.

A

Right

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22
Q

In which cranial nerve do only 1/2 the fibers decussate?

A

The optic nerve

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23
Q

Where do ascending spinal tracts go?

A

To sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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24
Q

How are ascending spinal tracts named?

A

The prefix spino- followed by a root describing the destination of the fibers

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25
Q

Spinothalamic tracts head to? And later onto?

A

From the spine to thalamus (and on to cortex)

26
Q

What kinds of signals does the spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Carries signal for pain, temperature, itch, pressure, and tickle.

27
Q

What are the two ascending tracts Beachy wants us to know?

A

Spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tracts

28
Q

Where do spinocerebellar tracts go?

A

From spine to cerebellum

29
Q

What signals does the spinocerebellar tract carry?

A

These carry proprioception from the limbs and trunk to the cerebrum

30
Q

The spinocerebellar tract is ___consious.

A

Subconscious

31
Q

The spinocerebellar tract provides cerebellum the information needed to coordinate _____ _______.

A

muscle action

32
Q

How many nerves are in a spinocerebellar tract?

A

Usually 3

33
Q

What are the names of the three nerves in the spinocerebellar tract?

A

1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron

34
Q

What does a 1st order neuron in the spinocerebellar tract go?

A

Detects stimuli and transmits signals to the spinal cord

35
Q

What does a 2nd order neuron in the spinocerebellar tract go?

A

Begins at spinal cord, crosses over, and ends at thalamus

36
Q

What does a 3rd order neuron in the spinocerebellar tract go?

A

Thalamus to postcentral gyrus

37
Q

Where do descending tracts begin and what do they coordinate?

A

Come from the motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

Carry signals for precise, finely coordinated movement.

38
Q

How are descending tracts named?

A

Most descending tracts have -spino as the main word, with a prefix indicating where its fibers are coming from.

39
Q

What does the pyramidal tract govern?

A

Limb movement

40
Q

The pyramidal tract is also called…

A

Corticospinal tract

41
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Maintain balance by varying the form of the postural muscles

42
Q

How many neurons are in a descending tract, and what are they called?

A

2
Upper Motor Neuron
Lower Motor Neuron

43
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron go?

A

Generally from the cortical motor nuclei to the spinal cord (these cross in the pyramid)

44
Q

Where does the lower motor neuron go?

A

Generally from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to skeletal muscle

45
Q

The spinal cord is a _____ shaped cylinder and lies in the _____ ______.

A

Oval

Spinal Canal

46
Q

The spinal cord starts at the _______ ______ and ends at ____ or _____.

A

Foramen Magnum

L1 or L2

47
Q

The spinal cord is ______ inches long as as thick as a ______.

A

17-18 inches

Finger

48
Q

The spinal cord can be compared to a “________” and is covered with ________.

A

Highway

Meninges

49
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

50
Q

What comes from the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord?

A

Where nerves to/from the upper extremity leave

51
Q

What comes from the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

A

Nerves to/from the lower extremity

52
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Where the spinal cord tapers to a point (cone in 3D) as it ends at L1 or L2

53
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

An extension of pia mater coming from the inferior conus medullaris
This merges with the dura at S5 and forms the coccygeal ligament

54
Q

The coccygeal ligament anchors _____ ______ to ______.

A

Spinal cord

Coccyx

55
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The “horses tail,” Arising from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris is a bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2S5

56
Q

What does the cauda equina innervate?

A

Innervates the pelvic organs and lower limbs

57
Q

Where do lumbar punctures take place? Why there?

A

Occurs between L3-L4 or L4-L5 because there’s no cord, but lots of lithe fibers; but the canal still has CSF in it.

58
Q

Name the sulci, fissure, and canal in the spinal cord

A

Posterior median sulcus
Anterior median fissure
Central canal

59
Q

Name the three horns. What kind of matter are they?

A

Dorsal horn
Lateral horn
Ventral horn
Gray matter

60
Q

Name the three columns. What kind of matter are they?

A

Dorsal column
Lateral column
Ventral column
White matter

61
Q

The central canal lies in the middle of the ______ ______.

A

Gray commissure

62
Q

What is the gray commissure?

A

Mirror-image lateral gray masses connected by a cross-bar of gray matter

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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