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A&P Quarter 2 > Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine

Exocrine

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2
Q

Where does an exocrine gland secrete? What is the function of these secretions?

A

Discharges secretions thru a duct on the surface

These secretions have a lubricating or digestive function

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3
Q

Where does an endocrine gland secrete? Where are the secretions picked up?

A

Discharge secretions into ECF (extracellular fluid) which are then picked up by the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are endocrine secretions called? (generally)

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Together, both the _______ system and the _______ system coordinate the functions of all body activities.

A

Endocrine

Nervous

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6
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A biologically active molecule that has an effect on the functions of another cell

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7
Q

Hormones are almost always a _______ and only small amounts are needed. (type of molecule)

A

Protein

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8
Q

Hormones regulate chemical composition and volume of ___.

A

ECF

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9
Q

Hormones regulate energy balance and ___________.

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

Hormones regulate contraction of ______ muscle, ______ muscle, and the secretion of ______.

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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11
Q

Hormones maintain _______ despite emergency environmental disruptions

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

The immune system is regulated by ________.

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Hormones play a role in the _______, ________ process of growth and development

A

Smooth

Sequential

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14
Q

How many hormones are there?

A

50

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15
Q

How does a hormone affect a cell?

A

It chemically binds to it

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16
Q

How many receptors does a cell have?

A

2,000-10,000

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17
Q

Why does the number of receptors vary?

A

Constantly synthesized and broken down- depending on need

18
Q

Describe down regulation.

A

The hormone is in excess

The number of receptors is decreased

19
Q

Describe up regulation.

A

The hormone is deficient

The number of receptors is increased

20
Q

What does a paracrine action target? Describe the process.

A

A cell in immediate vicinity

One cell releases something to a nearby cell

21
Q

What is an example of a paracrine action?

A

Pancreatic somatostatin: Inhibits the release of insulin by other pancreatic cells

22
Q

What does an autocrine action target?

A

It targets itself

23
Q

What is an example of an autocrine action?

A

Prostaglandin: Smooth muscle cells release prostaglandin to cause the same smooth muscle cell to contract

24
Q

What does an endocrine action target?

A

Target somewhere else in the body, going through the bloodstream

25
Q

What is a water-soluble hormone?

A

Circulates freely within the blood, but cannot cross the cell membrane

26
Q

How does a water-soluble hormone enter the cell?

A

It binds with a receptor and this binding activates the intracellular “second messenger” system, which has a cascading effect in the cell

27
Q

What is a lipid-soluble hormone?

A

Attached to a transport protein

28
Q

How does a transport protein work?

A

It binds to the hormone, transports through the bloodstream, and detaches near the cell, allowing the hormone to enter the cell.

29
Q

How does a transport protein protect a hormone?

A

Stops the hormone from being broken down by enzymes in the blood or from being filtered by the kidney.

30
Q

What are the three types of hormonal interactions?

A

Permissive effect
Antagonistic effect
Synergistic effect

31
Q

What is the permissive effect of hormonal interaction?

A

The effect of one hormone on a target cell requires a previous or simultaneous exposure to another hormone
One hormone gives another hormone permission to work

32
Q

What is an example of the permissive effect of hormonal interaction?

A

Increase in estrogen will increase progesterone receptors

So, when progesterone shows up, the body is ready to promote uterine growth, getting ready to implant an egg,

33
Q

What is the synergistic effect of hormonal interaction?

A

2 or more hormones complement each others actions and both, or all, are needed for full expression of hormonal effects`

34
Q

What is an example of the synergistic effect?

A

Ex: Milk from mammary glands
To make milk, estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are needed. Oxytocin is needed to eject milk. All four are needed to make and expel milk.

35
Q

What is the antagonistic effect of hormonal interaction?

A

The effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone.

36
Q

What are two examples of the antagonistic effect?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

PTH and calcitonin

37
Q

How are insulin and glucagon antagonistic? How does this process work?

A

Insulin ↓blood sugar; glucagon ↑ blood sugar
Insulin makes cells bring in glucose from the blood stream, so the blood sugar level drops. Insulin also makes glycogen in the liver.
Glucogon: Makes the liver release glucose from glycogen

38
Q

What is a tropin?

A

Hormones that influence other endocrine glands

39
Q

What is an example of a tropin?

A

The pituitary sends a hormone to the thyroid, which in turn releases another hormone.

40
Q

What is an example of a hormone outside the normal physiological range?

A

Eg. testosterone in a pharmacological range

Liver cancer, ↑breast size in males, Anti-social behavior, Sterility, ↑ levels of cholesterol

41
Q

What is hormone clearance?

A

Removal from body: Broken down by the liver or kidney, or target cell.

42
Q

What is the MCR? (Metabolic clearance rate?)

A

The half-life or time needed to clear 50% of hormone from blood

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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