Intro to Endocrine

Question 1

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 1

Endocrine

Exocrine

Question 2

Where does an exocrine gland secrete? What is the function of these secretions?

Answer 2

Discharges secretions thru a duct on the surface

These secretions have a lubricating or digestive function

Question 3

Where does an endocrine gland secrete? Where are the secretions picked up?

Answer 3

Discharge secretions into ECF (extracellular fluid) which are then picked up by the bloodstream

Question 4

What are endocrine secretions called? (generally)

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

Together, both the _______ system and the _______ system coordinate the functions of all body activities.

Answer 5

Endocrine

Nervous

Question 6

What is a hormone?

Answer 6

A biologically active molecule that has an effect on the functions of another cell

Question 7

Hormones are almost always a _______ and only small amounts are needed. (type of molecule)

Answer 7

Protein

Question 8

Hormones regulate chemical composition and volume of ___.

Answer 8

ECF

Question 9

Hormones regulate energy balance and ___________.

Answer 9

Metabolism

Question 10

Hormones regulate contraction of ______ muscle, ______ muscle, and the secretion of ______.

Answer 10

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

Question 11

Hormones maintain _______ despite emergency environmental disruptions

Answer 11

homeostasis

Question 12

The immune system is regulated by ________.

Answer 12

Hormones

Question 13

Hormones play a role in the _______, ________ process of growth and development

Answer 13

Smooth

Sequential

Question 14

How many hormones are there?

Answer 14

50

Question 15

How does a hormone affect a cell?

Answer 15

It chemically binds to it

Question 16

How many receptors does a cell have?

Answer 16

2,000-10,000

Question 17

Why does the number of receptors vary?

Answer 17

Constantly synthesized and broken down- depending on need

Question 18

Describe down regulation.

Answer 18

The hormone is in excess

The number of receptors is decreased

Question 19

Describe up regulation.

Answer 19

The hormone is deficient

The number of receptors is increased

Question 20

What does a paracrine action target? Describe the process.

Answer 20

A cell in immediate vicinity

One cell releases something to a nearby cell

Question 21

What is an example of a paracrine action?

Answer 21

Pancreatic somatostatin: Inhibits the release of insulin by other pancreatic cells

Question 22

What does an autocrine action target?

Answer 22

It targets itself

Question 23

What is an example of an autocrine action?

Answer 23

Prostaglandin: Smooth muscle cells release prostaglandin to cause the same smooth muscle cell to contract

Question 24

What does an endocrine action target?

Answer 24

Target somewhere else in the body, going through the bloodstream

Question 25

What is a water-soluble hormone?

Answer 25

Circulates freely within the blood, but cannot cross the cell membrane

Question 26

How does a water-soluble hormone enter the cell?

Answer 26

It binds with a receptor and this binding activates the intracellular “second messenger” system, which has a cascading effect in the cell

Question 27

What is a lipid-soluble hormone?

Answer 27

Attached to a transport protein

Question 28

How does a transport protein work?

Answer 28

It binds to the hormone, transports through the bloodstream, and detaches near the cell, allowing the hormone to enter the cell.

Question 29

How does a transport protein protect a hormone?

Answer 29

Stops the hormone from being broken down by enzymes in the blood or from being filtered by the kidney.

Question 30

What are the three types of hormonal interactions?

Answer 30

Permissive effect Antagonistic effect Synergistic effect

Question 31

What is the permissive effect of hormonal interaction?

Answer 31

The effect of one hormone on a target cell requires a previous or simultaneous exposure to another hormone One hormone gives another hormone permission to work

Question 32

What is an example of the permissive effect of hormonal interaction?

Answer 32

Increase in estrogen will increase progesterone receptors | So, when progesterone shows up, the body is ready to promote uterine growth, getting ready to implant an egg,

Question 33

What is the synergistic effect of hormonal interaction?

Answer 33

2 or more hormones complement each others actions and both, or all, are needed for full expression of hormonal effects`

Question 34

What is an example of the synergistic effect?

Answer 34

Ex: Milk from mammary glands To make milk, estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin are needed. Oxytocin is needed to eject milk. All four are needed to make and expel milk.

Question 35

What is the antagonistic effect of hormonal interaction?

Answer 35

The effect of one hormone on a target cell is opposed by another hormone.

Question 36

What are two examples of the antagonistic effect?

Answer 36

Insulin and Glucagon | PTH and calcitonin

Question 37

How are insulin and glucagon antagonistic? How does this process work?

Answer 37

Insulin ↓blood sugar; glucagon ↑ blood sugar Insulin makes cells bring in glucose from the blood stream, so the blood sugar level drops. Insulin also makes glycogen in the liver. Glucogon: Makes the liver release glucose from glycogen

Question 38

What is a tropin?

Answer 38

Hormones that influence other endocrine glands

Question 39

What is an example of a tropin?

Answer 39

The pituitary sends a hormone to the thyroid, which in turn releases another hormone.

Question 40

What is an example of a hormone outside the normal physiological range?

Answer 40

Eg. testosterone in a pharmacological range | Liver cancer, ↑breast size in males, Anti-social behavior, Sterility, ↑ levels of cholesterol

Question 41

What is hormone clearance?

Answer 41

Removal from body: Broken down by the liver or kidney, or target cell.

Question 42

What is the MCR? (Metabolic clearance rate?)

Answer 42

The half-life or time needed to clear 50% of hormone from blood