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A&P Quarter 2 > Ear II > Flashcards

Ear II Flashcards

1
Q

What structure detects equilibrium and balace?

A

The vestibular apparatus

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2
Q

What composes the vestibular apparatus?

A

Saccule
Utricule
Semicircular canals

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3
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of body position (mainly the head)

Relative to the force of gravity, but also to linear acceleration

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4
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of body position (mainly the head)

In response to dynamic movements: rotation, acceleration, deceleration

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5
Q

What does the saccule look like?

A

Has a globular shape?

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6
Q

What does the utricule look like?

A

Has a larger, oblong shape

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7
Q

What is a macula?

A

A spot where receptor hair cells are 2-3mm long

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8
Q

Where are there macula?

A

There is one in both the saccule and the utricule

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9
Q

What is the otolithic membrane?

A

A gelatinous mass lying on top of the hair cells

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10
Q

What are the two kinds of hairs in the otolithic membrane?

A

Many stereocilia and 1 kinocilium

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11
Q

What is an otolith?

A

Particles of calcium carbonate embedded in the top of the membrane

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12
Q

What do otoliths do?

A

Respond to gravity (the tilting of the head)

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13
Q

Which structures assist with static equilibrium?

A

The saccule and utricule

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14
Q

What structures assist with dynamic equilibrium?

A

The three semicircular canals

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15
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A

Three ducts at right angles to each other

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16
Q

What kinds of movements do the canals “read”?

A

1- Reads the “yes” movement (pitch)
2- Reads the “no” movement (yaw)
3- Reads Tilting of the head (roll)

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17
Q

Each canal opens up into the utricle and has a dilated area called the ______.

A

ampulla

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18
Q

Within the ampulla is a mound of hair cells and support cells and this area is called the _______ ________.

A

crista ampullaris

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19
Q

What is the cupula?

A

A gelatinous mass lying on top of these hairs at the crista ampullaris

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20
Q

What kinds of hairs are in the crista ampullaris?

A

Many stereocilia and 1 kinocilium

21
Q

How is a nerve response triggered from the cupula?

A

As endolymph flows around in the canal, the bends the cupola, moving the cilia, and triggering a nerve response

22
Q

Are hair cells nerves?

A

Hair cells are mechanoreceptors, not neurons. Therefore, you need a nerve fiber.

23
Q

Which cranial nerve transmits information from the ear?

A

VIII- vestibulocochlear

24
Q

Where do the macula and ampulla synapse?

A

synapse at their bases with sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve (This is a 1st order neuron)

25
Q

The cochlea is attached to the ________.

A

saccule

26
Q

What does the cochlea sit in?

A

Sits in a bony spiral canal that resembles a snail shell

27
Q

The cochlea makes ______turns around the _____.

A

3

Modiolus

28
Q

What is the modiolus?

A

the bony core if the “snail shell”

29
Q

What three channels compose the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tymapni
Scala media

30
Q

Which channels have perilymph in them?

A

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani

31
Q

What connects the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

A

The helicotrema

32
Q

The cochlear duct is also known as the ______ _____.

A

Scala media

33
Q

The scala media is part of the _________ labyrinth and therefore contains __________.

A

Membranous labyrinth

Endolymph

34
Q

What is the organ or Corti?

A

The receptor organ for hearing

35
Q

What type of cells make up the organ of Corti?

A

Support cells

Hair cells

36
Q

What “sits” on top of the organ of corti, anchoring it to the modiolus?

A

The tectorial membrane

37
Q

How does pressure move through the cochlea triggering the organ of Corti?

A

Pressure waves coming from the oval window travel through the scala vestibuli, through the helicotrema, and travel back down through the scala tympani causing the round window to bulge slightly in the inner ear.

38
Q

What two kinds of hair cells are in the organ of Corti?

A

IHCs- Inner Hair Cells

OHCs- Outer Hair Cells

39
Q

How are IHCs arranged? Are they embedded in a membrane?

A

Arranges in one row, are NOT embedded in the tectorial membrane

40
Q

What are IHCs responsible for?

A

All that we hear

41
Q

How are OHCs arranged?

A

Arranged in three rows across from the IHCs

42
Q

The tips of the OHCs are embedded in the _______ _____.

A

Tectorial membrane

43
Q

What do the OHCs do?

A

Adjust the response of the cochlea to different frequencies

44
Q

Where are different frequencies detected in the cochlea?

A

High frequencies: Basal turn
Middle frequencies: Middle turn
Low frequencies: Apex

45
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

damage to the tympanic membrane or the ossicles

46
Q

What is sensorial deafness?

A

damage to organ of corti or 1st/2nd/3rd order sensory neurons

47
Q

What are the two different kinds of deafness?

A

Conduction and sensorial

48
Q

What can a cochlear implant do?

A

Can help restore hearing to patients with conduction deafness

49
Q

What is the neuron pathway for hearing?

A

1st order: From hair cell to cochlear nuclei in the medulla
2nd order: Cochlear nuclei to the thalamus
3rd order: Thalamus to primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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