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A&P Quarter 2 > Reflexes, Spinal Nerves, ANS > Flashcards

Reflexes, Spinal Nerves, ANS Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord also serves as an _______ center for spinal reflexes.

A

Integrating

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2
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast, predictable, automatic response to a stimulus

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3
Q

Reflexes occur ______ conscious thought and can include ______ secretion and ________ of all three muscle types.

A

Without
Glandular
Contraction

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4
Q

_________ reflexes that are responsible for maintaining relatively constant blood pressure or, for example, blood C02 levels

A

Autonomic

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5
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The smallest and simplest portion of the nervous system capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response.

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6
Q

What fibers are in the dorsal root? What is their polarity?

A

Contains sensory root fibers, almost always unipolar

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7
Q

What fibers are in the ventral root?

A

Contains motor fibers

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8
Q

The stretch reflex is ____synaptic. This means there are ____ nerves in the pathway.

A

Monosynaptic

2

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9
Q

What is an example of the stretch reflex?

A

The patellar reflex

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10
Q

In the stretch reflex, muscle ______ in skeletal muscle are stretched, fires neuron (in ______ _____ _____) and the signal goes to the _____ _______ and returns to same muscle to contract.

A

Spindles
Dorsal root ganglion
Ventral horn

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11
Q

The flexor reflex is also called the ______ reflex

A

Withdrawal

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12
Q

The flexor reflex is ____synaptic and is a reaction to ______ stimuli.

A

Polysynaptic

Painful

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13
Q

What is an example of the flexor reflex?

A

A hand touching a hot stove and flexing away

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14
Q

In the flexor reflex how many neurons are involved? Where are they?

A

3

1st neuron stops in dorsal horn, 2nd in interneuron, 3rd neuron returns to effector

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15
Q

What is the function of the flexor reflex?

A

This functions to move a limb or body part away from a painful stimulus
Automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part

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16
Q

In the crossed extensor reflex, the flexor is ______, extensor is _______.

A

ipsilateral

contralateral

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17
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

A combination of ventral and dorsal roots together

So it’s a “mixed” nerve- has both sensory and motor fibers

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18
Q

When/where does the spinal nerve become the spinal nerve?

A

at or just before the intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

For sensory (not motor), each spinal nerve has a specific cutaneous distribution

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20
Q

Which nerve has no dermatome?

A

C1

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21
Q

What is a dermatomal map?

A

A diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve— they’re not exact… there’s overlap

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22
Q

How are dermatomes useful clinically?

A

In patients with spinal cord injuries, you can pinpoint the damaged nerves and injured region of the spinal cord by determining which dermatomes are affected

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23
Q

Just after the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve divides into: (3 things)

A

Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Meningeal ramus

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24
Q

The dorsal ramus innervates….

A

Innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine as well as the skin in that area of the back

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25
Q

The ventral ramus innervates….

A

Innervates the ventral/lateral skin and muscles of the trunk

Gives rise to the nerves to the limbs

26
Q

Which ramus is more complex in the spinal nerve?

A

Ventral; innervates much more than the dorsal ramus

27
Q

What is the meningeal brach of the spinal nerve?

A

A small nerve that re-enters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges and blood vessels there

28
Q

The spinal nerve branches into dorsal and ventral _____ approaching the spinal cord; and ventral ____ leading away from the spinal cord

A

roots

rami

29
Q

In the thoracic region ventral rami form ______ _______.

A

Intercostal nerves

30
Q

What do intercostal nerves innervate?

A

Intercostal nerves innervate the skin, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles

31
Q

Where are nerve plexuses formed?

A

Everywhere but the thorax

32
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Where nerves branch and merge repeatedly to form web-like braids

33
Q

Where is the cervical plexus located? What nerve is in it?

A

C1-C4

Phrenic nerve

34
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve?

A

Descends along each side of the neck to enter the thorax

35
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate? What is this responsible for?

A

Innervates the diaphragm: is responsible for breathing

36
Q

The phrenic nerve is formed by branches/brains from these nerves

A

C3, C4, C5

37
Q

If both phrenic nerves are severed the diaphragm is severed and ______ ______ occurs
Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes _______

A

Respiratory arrest

Hiccups

38
Q

Where is the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

39
Q

What nerves is in the brachial plexus?

A

Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve

40
Q

The ulnar nerve is called what? Where is it?

A

Funny Bone” It lies against the medial epicondyle of the humerus

41
Q

Compression of the ulnar nerve causes …..

A

Compression causes a loss of abduction and adduction of the fingers
Also, loss of sensation in the little finger

42
Q

The _____ ______ is the largest terminal branch of the brachial plexus

A

radial nerve

43
Q

The radial nerve controls the _______ muscles of the _____

A

extensor

hand

44
Q

What three conditions can arise from compression of the radial nerve?

A

Wrist drop
Crutch paralysis
Saturday night paralysis

45
Q

What is wrist drop?

A

A loss of extensor muscle in the hand

46
Q

What is crutch paralysis?

A

The nerve lies near humerus in the axilla, so improper use of crutches can press the nerve against the humerus

47
Q

What is Saturday Night paralysis?

A

If you sleep with your arm over the back of a chair

48
Q

What does the median nerve control?

A

Forearm flexors and thenar (thumb) group

49
Q

Weak thumb movement occurs from damage to the ________ nerve.

A

Median

50
Q

Pain from ______ ______ can also result in numbness and tingling in the hands and fingers.

A

Carpal tunnel

51
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

52
Q

What nerve is in the lumbar plexus? What happens if it’s damaged?

A

Femoral nerve

If damaged, cannot extend lower leg or knee

53
Q

Where is the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

54
Q

What nerve is in the sacral plexus? Injury to this nerve is called?

A

Sacral nerve

Sciatica

55
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Pain extending from gluteal region along posterior aspect of the thigh and leg

56
Q

What is the most vulnerable nerve in the body?

A

The sciatic nerve

57
Q

Damage to the sciatic nerve can result in _____ ______.

A

Foot drop

58
Q

How many nerves are in a sensory pathway?

A

3

59
Q

How many nerves are in a motor pathway?

A

2

60
Q

How many nerves are in an autonomic pathway?

A

2

A&P Quarter 2 (16 decks)

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