The Normal Child - 108 Flashcards
What are the mechanisms of cell growth?
Accretion
Hypertrophy
Proliferation
What are the primitive reflexes?
Moro, suck, swallow, grasp.
What cell types derive from the ectoderm?
CNS, skin, hair (outer lining of everthing)
What cell types derive from endoderm?
Lining of gut and secretory cells of the GI tract and resp. tract.
The inner lining of everything
What cell types derive from mesoderm?
Everything in between! Muscle, bone, organs (e.g. kidneys)
What is vernix?
Substance that is covering a baby when it is born
What is meconium?
First stool a baby does when born.
What is the normal HR, RR and BP for a newborn?
HR - 110-150
RR - 40-60
BP - 65/40
What structures usually close after birth?
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Why is temperature maintenance difficult for a baby? How do they compensate for this?
They cannot sweat or shiver.
Abundant brown fat deposits. Their cutaneous blood flow is very sensitive to changes in temperature
What would signify abnormal breathing in a newborn?
Grunting, nasal flaring, chest recession and tachypnoea.
What is colostrum?
Initial breast milk. It is low volume but high energy.
How much milk does an infant need to consume per day?
150ml/kg/day
How much of their birthweight does an infant usually loose by day 5?
10% - it is mostly water weight.
How do infants have physiological anaemia?
High paO2 at birth, Epo levels are undetectable. Anaemia develops at ~5-6 weeks, Epo activity begins when haemoglobin levels drop
Name 3 normal skin conditions of a newborn
Erythema toxicum (migratory rash)
Milia
Molluscum contagiosum
What is the main cause of epiphyseal plate fusion?
Oestrogen
What is the expected height of a child?
Mid parental height +/- 8.5cm
Why is folic acid given in pregnancy?
To prevent neural tube defects
What is routinely administered to babies following birth?
Vitamin K
What is the embryonic period?
first 8 weeks
What defines a neonate?
Less than 4 weeks
How do you calculate expected date of delivery?
LMP + 9 months + 7 days
What happens embryonically that can mean some women do not realise they are pregnant for the first month?
At day 12 embryonically (~day 26 in the menstrual cycle) the endometrium seals, this causes a small bleed that some women can mistake for a period
When is hCG secreted by the developing embryo?
Day 14, secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast
When does gastrulation occur?
Day 17
