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Revision Notes - Year 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the ectoderm and give some examples of tissues that arise from it

A

Outermost of the 3 germ layers. Gives rise to skin, nervous system and the retina

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1
Q

What is accretion?

A

An increase in cell size by gradual addition of smaller parts

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2
Q

During what time is something defined as an embryo?

A

The organism between the first division of the zygote until 8 weeks

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3
Q

What is the time period of a foetus?

A

An unborn verterbrae after the embryo stage (8 weeks), until birth

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4
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

The morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration. This gives rise to the 3 germ layers

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5
Q

What term refers to an increase in size due to an increase in cell size rather than division?

A

Hypertrophy

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6
Q

What term refers to the process that controls the organised spatial distribution of cells that arise during embryonic development and give the shapes of tissues, organs, etc.?

A

Morphogenesis

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7
Q

From what germ layer is the neural plate (and tube) derived?

A

Ectoderm.

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8
Q

Where are neural crest cells derived from and what do they do?

A

Ectoderm. They migrate and generate many differentiated cell types

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9
Q

What term refers to the formation of congenital malformations?

A

Teratogenesis

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10
Q

What happens during neurulation?

A

The neural plate folds into the neural tube

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11
Q

The first 8 weeks of development after fertilisation are the what period?

A

Embryonic

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12
Q

What structures are already established by 8 weeks of development?

A

Fingers, toes, arms, legs, knees, elbows, ears, eyelids are unfused, tail disappears.
The internal systems are mostly complete but not yet functioning

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13
Q

When are foetal movements usually first felt by the mother?

A

5th month of pregnancy -> foetus is ~15cm long by this time

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14
Q

What is the average timing of pregnancy, both from fertilisation and LMP?

A

Fertilisation: average of 38 weeks
LMP: average of 40 weeks

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15
Q

How would you calculate the expected date of delivery quickly?

A

date of LMP + 9 calendar months + 7 days

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16
Q

40 clinical weeks of pregnancy refers to how many biological weeks?

A

38 weeks

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17
Q

How do cells in the developing arm know if they are going to become part of a finger or the arm?

A

Pattern formation - there is a body plan and cells have positional knowledge due to 3 axes: proximo-distal, ventral-dorsal, medial-lateral

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18
Q

What mechanisms does morphogenesis involve?

A

Cell migration and cell adhesion

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19
Q

What is the time period from ovulation when fertilisation must occur?

A

Within 24 hours

Fertilisation can take 20-24 hours

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20
Q

What is the definition of a zygote?

A

The initial cell formed from the joining of 2 gamete cells (ovum and spermatozoa)

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21
Q

Once cleavage of the zygote starts and the zygote splits by mitosis, what is it referred as?

A

Blastomeres

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22
Q

What is the term for a ball of cells/blastomeres?

A

A morula. At this stage the cells are communicating with each other

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23
Q

What do the cells of the inner cell mass/embryoblast form?

A

The embryo

24
Q

What do the cells of the outer cell mass/trophoblast form?

A

The placenta and supporting structures

25
Q

What is the role of the zona pellucida?

A

To protect the zygote from more sperm

26
Q

When trophoblast cells begin pulling in fluid from the uterus, forming a cavity, what is the whole thing referred as?
What is the cavity/cyst?

A

A blastocyst.

The cavity/cyst is a blastocoele

27
Q

How many days does it take the blastocyst to get to the uterus?

A

4-5 days

28
Q

In order to implant into the uterus what does the blastocyst have to do?

A

Squeeze out of the zona pellucida

29
Q

What is the decidual reaction?

A

When the endometrium reacts to the blastocyst

30
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

The epithelial covering of the embryonic placental villi which invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between foetus and mother

31
Q

What is the function of the primary yolk sac?

A

To provide the embryo with nutrients until the placenta has formed

32
Q

What produces hCG and when?

A

The syncytiotrophoblast by ~ day 14

33
Q

What does hCG do?

A

It maintains the corpus luteum, which maintains the endometrium

34
Q

What does the epiblast become?

A

The embryo

35
Q

What cell types derive from the mesoderm?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, blood cells, bone marrow, skeleton, reproductive organs

36
Q

What cell types derive from the endoderm?

A

Epithelia of respiratory and GI tract, glandular cells of GI-associated organs

37
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Terminal part of the hindgut

38
Q

What organs/tissues derive from the foregut?

A

Pharynx, tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, upper resp system

Lower resp system, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, biliary apparatus, pancreas

39
Q

What organs derive from the midgut?

A

Small intestine, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 of right transverse colon

40
Q

What organs derive from the hindgut?

A

1/3 of the left part of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, superior part of anal canal, urinary bladder and most of the urethra

41
Q

In simple terms - what organs derive from the hindgut?

A

Colon and below

42
Q

In simple terms - what organs derive from the midgut?

A

Small intestine to right transverse colon

43
Q

In simple terms - what organs derive from the foregut?

A

Pharynx to pancreas

44
Q

What 2 problems can occur to the oesophagus during development? How might they present?

A

Atresia (blockage)
Stenosis (narrowing)
Vomiting, usually contains bile and stomach contents. 20-30% with atresia also have Down’s syndrome

45
Q

A newborn infant consistently projectile vomits after feeding, what is the likely problem?

A

Pyloric stenosis

Thickening of the pylorus, hypertrophied muscles, stomach distends with feeding. Contents expelled with force

46
Q

The septum transversum between the liver and the ventral abdominal wall becomes what?

A

The falciform ligament

47
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Persistence of herniation within the umbilical cord

48
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Direct herniation into the amniotic cavity

49
Q

Name some pathologies that can occur with incorrect formation of the hindgut

A

Urorectal fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectoperineal fistula
Failure of anal membrane to breakdown

50
Q

The lungs begin as a bud off of what?

A

The gut tube

51
Q

The lungs are lined by epithelium derived from what germ layer?

A

Endoderm

52
Q

What does the epithelia of primitive alveoli thin and become?

A

Type I pneumocytes. Blood capillaries the start to invade this tissue

53
Q

By week 24 of development, what is limiting lung function? Can the lungs survive ex-utero at 24 weeks? If so, how?

A

Surface area and blood supply.
The baby can survive and continue to develop ex-utero if there is intensive care: continuous positive airway pressure, oxygen and monitoring

54
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do?

A

Make surfactant -> this lowers the surface tension of water Stops the thin alveolar walls from sticking together

55
Q

Where can type I and II pneumocytes be found?

A

In alveoli

56
Q

What happens in respiratory distress syndrome?

A

There is not enough surfactant. Atelectasis happens -> lung collapse. The baby needs steroids, surfactant therapy, oxygen therapy and CPAP

57
Q

What might have gone wrong during lung development if pneumonia happens shortly after birth?

A

There might be an oesophageal fistula allowing fluid to enter the trachea.

Revision Notes - Year 1 (41 decks)

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