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Biology > The Nervous System (chpt. 33) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (chpt. 33) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What makes up CNS

A

Brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up PNS

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

A change to the environment that can cause a response

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5
Q

Steps to respond to a stimulus

A
  1. Reception - stimulus is detected
  2. Transmission - message passed along neurons
  3. Integration - messages are sorted and processed to decide on a response
  4. Response - carried out by effectors when stimulated by neurons
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6
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell

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7
Q

Role of sensory neuron

A

Carry impulses from sense organs to CNS

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8
Q

Role of motor neuron

A

Carry impulses from CNS to efector

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9
Q

Role of interneuron

A

Link sensory with motor neutrons

Smallest type

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10
Q

Role in neuron: dendrite

A

Carry impulses to cell body

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11
Q

Role in neuron: axon

A

Carry impulses away from cell body

Axon - Away

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12
Q

Role in neuron: cell body

A

Make neurotransmitter cells
Contains nucleus and organelles (mitochondria)

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13
Q

Role in neuron: myelin sheath

A

Insulated the message
Speeds up transport

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14
Q

Role in neuron: Schwann cell

A

Produce myelin sheath

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15
Q

Role in neuron: node of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath which speed up transport of message

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16
Q

Role in neuron: neurotransmitter swellings

A

Release neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Describe the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse

A
  • neurotransmitters activated by ions
  • released into synapse
  • impulse passed to next neuron
  • transmitter remains for a short period of time before it is inactivated by enzyme
  • it is then reabsorbed and its parts are reused
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18
Q

Threshold

A

The minimum stimulus required to start a nervous impulses

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19
Q

All or nothing law

A

The size of the stimulus has no effect on the size of the impulse

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20
Q

How is the speed of the message increased

A

Wide diameter axons

Myelin sheath

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21
Q

Refactory period

A

The length of time needed by a nerve cell to recover before it can pass a second impulse

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22
Q

How is the CNS protected?

A

Skull

Meninges

23
Q

What are the meninges

A

3 protective membranes covering brain and spinal cord

24
Q

Role in brain: cerebrum

A

Controls thinking, intelligence, language, emotions, memory

25
Q

Role in brain: medulla oblongata

A

Involuntary actions - breathing, blinking

26
Q

Role in brain: thalamus

A

Sorting centre for brain

27
Q

Role in brain: hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

28
Q

Role in brain: cerebellum

A

Controls muscular coordination & balance

Involuntary once learned
Affected by alcohol

29
Q

Role in brain: pituitary

A

Master hormone gland

30
Q

Grey matter

A

Contains cell bodies and dendrites

31
Q

White matter

A

Contains axons

32
Q

Cerebrum vs cerebellum

A

Cerebrum - forebrain
Cerebellum - hind brain

33
Q

Dorsal root in spine

A

Carries sensory nerve axons in the back of the spinal cord

34
Q

Ventral root in spine

A

Carries motor nerve axons away from the spinal cord

35
Q

What is the spine made up of

A

Vertebrae and cartilage

36
Q

Function of spine

A

Protect nerves in spinal cord

37
Q

Disorder of the Nervous system [name, cause, symptoms, prevention, treatment ]

A

Name - Parkinson’s
Cause - dopamine deficiency
Symptoms - trembling
Prevention - no known
Treatment - drugs that mimic dopamine, physiotherapy

38
Q

Reflex action

A

An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

39
Q

Examples of reflex actions

A

Breathing, knee jerk, blinking

40
Q

Benefits of reflex actions

A

Protect body from damage

41
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway taken by a nerve impulse in a reflex action

42
Q

Describe the mechanism of a reflex action

A
  • stimulus at receptor
  • impulse sent along sensory neuron
  • sent through interneuron to motor neuron
  • effector receives impulse and reacts
  • impulse sent to brain
43
Q

Distinguish between dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

A

Dorsal roots carry sensory neurons

Ventral roots carry motor neurons

44
Q

Define a synapse

A

A region where two neurons come in close contact

45
Q

Location of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord

A

Central canal

46
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the interneuron located

A

Grey matter

47
Q

Name the part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination

A

Cerebellum

48
Q

Name the part of the brain that interprets impulses from sense organs

A

Cerebrum

49
Q

Name the part of the brain that controls voluntary actions

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

Name the fluid located in the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

51
Q

Identify the part of a neuron located in the grey matter

A

Cell bodie

52
Q

Indicate the part of the spinal cord through which motor neurons leave

A

Ventral root

53
Q

What causes the conduction of nerve impulses along neurons

A

Movement of ions

54
Q

Why do nerve impulses cross the synaptic cleft in one direction only

A

Neurotransmitters only produced on one side of synaptic cleft

Biology (34 decks)

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