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Biology > The Kingdoms Of Life (Chpt 19, 20, 21, 22) > Flashcards

The Kingdoms Of Life (Chpt 19, 20, 21, 22) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification and identification of living organisms

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2
Q

Classification

A

Placing organisms into groups based on similar characteristics

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3
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding naturally to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Do not posses a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Micro-organisms

A

Small living things

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7
Q

DIAGRAM OF BACTERIA

A
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8
Q

Shapes of bacteria & examples

A

Round → pneumonia
Rod → tetanus
Spiral → syphilis

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9
Q

What name is given to bacterial reproduction?

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Steps in bacterial reproduction

A

• DNA replicates
• cell elongates
• DNA moves to each side
• cell splits in two
• two identical daughter cells produced

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11
Q

What causes endospore formation in bacteria?

A

Unfavourable conditions
Eg drought

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12
Q

Steps in endospore formation (bacteria)

A

• contents of cell shrinks
• chromosomes replicate
• tough outer coat formed within cell around genetic material

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13
Q

Factors affecting growth rate of bacteria

A

Temperature
pH
Solute concentration
Oxygen concentration

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14
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemicals produced by microorganisms that stop the growth of or kill other microorganisms

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15
Q

What causes antibiotic resistance?

A

Misuse of antibiotics
Mutations

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16
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

Disease causing bacteria

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17
Q

Beneficial uses of bacteria

A

• used to make antibiotics
• produce yogurts & cheese
• symbiotic bacteria in gut

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18
Q

Harmful uses of bacteria

A

• cause animal & plant disease
• cause food decay

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19
Q

GROWTH CURVE OF BACTERIA

A

Lag phase - adapting to environment
Log phase - rapid growth, abundant resources
Stationary phase - birth rate = death rate
Death phase - decline due to competition
Survival phase - small number survive as spores

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20
Q

Bioprocessing

A

The use of microorganisms to form useful products

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21
Q

Bioreactor

A

A container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product

22
Q

Batch flow production

A

Growth of cells in a bioreactor over a short period of time, under ideal conditions until all nutrients are used up

23
Q

Continuous flow production

A

Growth of cells in a bioreactor where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and number of cells

24
Q

Features of fungi

A

• heterotrophic
• eukaryotic
• made up of hyphae
• walls made of chitin (carbonydrate)

25
Q

What carbohydrate is found in the walls of fungi?

A

Chitin

26
Q

Example & explanation of an obligate parasite

A

Only take food from a live host and require host to reproduce
↳ athletes foot

27
Q

Example & explanation of a facultative parasite

A

Can get food from a live or dead host
↳ soft rot

28
Q

Why are saprophytes important?

A

They play a role in decomposition

29
Q

Example of a toxic mushroom

A

Death cap

30
Q

Example of an edible mushroom

A

Field mushroom

31
Q

DIAGRAM OF RHIZOPUS

A
32
Q

In rhizopus, what is the role of the stolon?

A

Allows for horizontal spreading

33
Q

In rhizopus, what is the role of the rhizoid?

A

Anchorage and absorption

34
Q

In rhizopus, what is the role of the sporangiophore?

A

Reproduction

35
Q

Sporulation

A

Process of making spores

36
Q

Asexual reproduction in rhizopus (name & explanation)

A

Sporulation
• sporangium produces spores by mitosis
• haploid spores transported by wind to substrate

↳ occurs more frequently as only one parent present

37
Q

What causes sexual reproduction in rhizopus?

A

Happens in adverse conditions e.g. drought

38
Q

DIAGRAM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN RHIZOPUS

A
39
Q

DIAGRAM OF YEAST

A
40
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding
• parent divides by mitosis, daughter nuclei enters small developing bud on surface
• bud separates to become a new individual

41
Q

Beneficial uses of fungi

A

Yeast used to produce alcohol
Mushrooms as a food source

42
Q

How does yeast respire?

A

Anaerobically in a process called fermentation

43
Q

In amoeba, what is the function of the pseudopod?

A

Extends in direction amoeba wishes to move
Used to engulf & digest prey

44
Q

What is the role of the contractile vacuole in amoeba?

A

Osmoregulation

45
Q

What would happen to amoeba if it did not have a contractile vacuole?

A

It would expand and burst

46
Q

DIAGRAM OF AMOEBA

A
47
Q

DIAGRAM SHOWING FUNCTION OF CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

A
48
Q

State one benefit of parasitic bacteria

A

Population control

49
Q

Describe batch processing

A

Fixed amount of nutrients added at start, bacteria goes through all phases of growth curve, product removed at the end

50
Q

Give one example of an autotrophic bacteria and one example of a heterotrophic bacteria

A

A: nitrifying bacteria
H: pneumonia

51
Q

What term is used to describe reproduction in yeast? Name the type of cell
division involved in this process

A

Budding
Mitosis

52
Q

Steps in contractile vacuole - AMOEBA

A
  1. Water in by osmosis
  2. Excess water enters contractile vacuole
  3. Contractile vacuole swells and touches cell membrane
  4. Contractile vacuole expels water

Biology (34 decks)

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