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Biology > Skeleton And Muscles (Chpt. 36) > Flashcards

Skeleton And Muscles (Chpt. 36) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of human skeleton

A
  • support & shape - bones provide rigid framework
  • protection - e.g skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart and lungs
  • movement - bones give muscles a base against which to pull
  • blood cell production - RBC, WBC, platelets are made by bone marrow
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2
Q

How many bones in human skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

Name the two parts of the human skeleton

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
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4
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton

A
  • Skull
  • spine
  • Ribs
  • sternum
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5
Q

Skull

A

22 fused bones, contains sense organs, protects the brain

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6
Q

Spine

A

33 bones called vertebrae

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7
Q

Name vertebrae and how many

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5)
Coccyx (4)

Sacrum + coccyx are fused

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8
Q

Sternum + ribs

A

Protect lungs, help in breathing

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9
Q

Types of ribs

A

True ribs - top 7, attached directly to sternum
False ribs - next 3 (8,9,10) attached to each other at front by cartilage
Floating ribs - last 2 (11,12) attached to spine only

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10
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral and pelvic girdles & attached limbs

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11
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Shoulder

Collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula), connected to vertebrae colum and arms

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12
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Hip

Hip bones joined to sacrum with legs attached

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13
Q

Limbs

A

Arms & legs

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14
Q

What type of limbs do humans have?

A

Pentadactyl limbs - end in 5 digits

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15
Q

Pentadactyl limbs

A

End in 5 digits

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16
Q

Name bones in arm (x7)

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Scapula
  3. Humerus
  4. Radius
  5. Ulna
  6. Carpals
  7. Metacarpals
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17
Q

Name bones in leg (x6)

A
  1. Pelvis
  2. Femur
  3. Tibia
  4. Fibula
  5. Tarsals
  6. Metatarsals
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18
Q

Why does cartilage take longer to heal?

A

No blood vessels

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19
Q

What biomolecule makes up cartilage

A

Fibrous protein → collagen

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20
Q

Role of cartilage

A

Shock absorber, reduce friction → thus, protects the bones

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21
Q

Where is cartilage found

A

Covers tips of bones where they meet in joints

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22
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius

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23
Q

What is compact bone made of

A

Bone cells called osteoblasts, calcium & protein (collagen)

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24
Q

Role of spongy bone

A

Strength & lightness, filled with Red marrow

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25
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Inactive, stores fat

26
Q

Red marrow

A

Active, makes blood cells

27
Q

Where is yellow marrow found

A

Medullary cavity (centre) of large bones

28
Q

Where is red marrow found

A

Spongy bone of large bones

29
Q

Osteoblasts

30
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone

31
Q

Ossification

A

Conversion of cartilage to bone

32
Q

Why are bones broken down?

A

To prevent them becoming heavy

33
Q

What factors is bone renewal dependent on?

A

Exercise, age, gender

34
Q

Joint

A

Where two or more bones meet

35
Q

Immovable joint example

A

Skull, pelvis

36
Q

Slightly movable joint example

A

Spinal column

37
Q

Freely movable (synovial) joint

A

Ball and socket - hip

Hinge - knee

38
Q

Role of tendons

A

Join muscle to bone

39
Q

Role of ligaments

A

Join bone to bone

40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Body movements

Contracts quickly but tires easily

Voluntary

41
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Internal structure, e.g digestive system, uterus

Contracts slowly and is slow to tire

Involuntary / unconscious control

42
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Heart

Does not tire

Involuntary

43
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A

Two muscles that have opposite effects on eachother e.g. biceps & triceps

44
Q

Musculoskeletal disorder

(Name, cause, prevention, treatment)

A

Arthritis / osteoarthritis

Cartilage on tips of bones wears away

Reduce damage by wearing proper footwear when running

Rest, weight loss

45
Q

Name the long bone directly attached to the pectoral girdle

46
Q

State the exact number of vertebrae present in the thoracic region of the vertebral column

47
Q

Within a long bone, indicate the exact location of compact bone

A

Outside medullary cavity

48
Q

Name the biomolecule from which cartilage is formed

49
Q

DIAGRAM of TS of vertebrae

50
Q

DIAGRAM of synovial/hinge joint

51
Q

DIAGRAM of external structure of a long bone

52
Q

DIAGRAM of internal structure of a long bone

53
Q

Given the absence of a skeleton to provide support, state two features of plants which provide support

A

Lignin
Xylem
Turgidity

54
Q

What biomolecule is the vertebral disc formed from

55
Q

Which of osteoblasts / osteoclasts are influenced by physical activity

A

Osteoblasts

56
Q

Name the material that makes up intervertebral discs

57
Q

Give one function of compact bone

A

Strength
Shape
Structure
Support

58
Q

Name the part of skeleton where the femur is attached

A

Pelvic girdle

59
Q

Which part of the bone contains blood vessels

A

Spongy bone

60
Q

Name a location of a slightly movable joint

A

between vertebrae

61
Q

Why must many skeletal muscles work in pairs?

A

Muscles can only pull but can’t push

Biology (34 decks)

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