Genetic Engineering (chpt. 18)

Question 1

Genetic engineering

Answer 1

The artificial manipulation or alteration of genes

Question 2

Process of genetic engineering

Answer 2

1. ISOLATION
human DNA containing target gene is extracted from human cell and plasmid DNA is extracted from bacterial cells
2. CUTTING
a restriction enzyme is used to cut the human and plasmid DNA
3. INSERTION & LIGATION
target gene is inserted where the plasmid was cut, they are bonded by the DNA ligase enzyme
4. TRANSFORMATION
bacterial cells are treated to allow them to take in the recombinant plasmid
5. EXPRESSION
bacteria grow and multiply to produce the required protein

Question 3

Process of genetic engineering

Answer 3

1. ISOLATION
human DNA containing target gene is extracted from human cell and plasmid DNA is extracted from bacterial cells
2. CUTTING
a restriction enzyme is used to cut the human and plasmid DNA
3. INSERTION & LIGATION
target gene is inserted where the plasmid was cut, they are bonded by the DNA ligase enzyme
4. TRANSFORMATION
bacterial cells are treated to allow them to take in the recombinant plasmid
5. EXPRESSION
bacteria grow and multiply to produce the required protein

Question 4

Cloning vector

Answer 4

A piece of DNA that can accept the target gene and replicate
Plasmid mostly used

Question 5

Restriction enzymes

Answer 5

Cut DNA where they find a specific sequence of basis called a restriction site

Question 6

DNA ligase

Answer 6

Enzyme used to get the foreign DNA to join with the DNA of the cloning vector

Question 7

Recombinant DNA

Answer 7

The altered DNA after genetic engineering takes place

Question 8

Transgenic organisms

Answer 8

Organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering

Question 9

Application of genetic engineering - plants

Answer 9

Vitamin A in rice

Vitamin A deficiency causes blindness. A gene for vitamin A production was taken from daffodils and inserted into rice grains

Question 10

Application of genetic engineering - animals

Answer 10

Sheep produce human clotting factor

Producing transgenic sheep by inserting the human gene for blood clotting into sheep DNA. The gene is modified so that it can only be expressed in the mammary glands and then extracted from milk

Question 11

Application of genetic engineering - microorganisms

Answer 11

Bacteria make insulin

The gene for human insulin is inserted into a bacterium which then produces human insulin for use by diabetics